نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 48 (پاییز 1400)

Folk culture is a collection of rituals, ceremonies, myths, legends, stories, proverbs, songs, lullabies, riddles, games, entertainment, beliefs and superstitions of a society. Travelogues provide us with extensive and valuable information about the political, social, economic, and cultural aspects of different societies. Therefore, analyzing such writings is very effective in recognizing the manifestations of folk culture in a society. In this study, two travelogues "A Journey to the Court of Sultan Sahebqaran" and "In the Land of the Sun" written by Heinrich Brugesch, who traveled to Iran twice during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah, were analyzed using descriptive-analytical method and library resources, to re-read the domains of Qajar's Iranian folk culture. The results of the study show that a significant part of these travelogues deals with the elaboration and description of the components of the Iranian folk culture. Description of appearance and character of Iranians, jewelry, hunting, celebrations, Muharram's mourning ritual, marriage and wedding ritual, funeral ritual, eating etiquette, hospitality etiquette, folklore language and literature, folk buildings and places, folk arts and handicrafts, and beliefs and superstitions are the most important elements of the Iranian folk culture, about which Brugesch has written in his travelogues with a sharp and comprehensive prospective. In parts of Bruges's travelogues, the "Western" mentality toward east is seen, comparing the "other" with the "self", and considering the "self" to be superior. Nonetheless, there are many fair judgments in them, distinguishing them from other European travelogues.

Each literacy work shows that each phenomenon directly or indirectly refers to the specific aspect of individual, social, cultural, political, and so on streams in a society based on the worldview and thinking manner of its creator. Obviously, others’ effect on an individual needs his/her mutual relationship with them. Therefore, social psychology is known as a study of human interaction or the science of studying human beings. It includes many components of community orientation (social influence), aggression, attraction, persuasion, imitation, prejudice, etc. What studied in this research are Parvin Etesami’s poems which is viewed and then analyzed by descriptive-analytical method from the “prejudice” aspect as a social-psychological component in the mentioned personality in her poems. This is to indicate what Parvin Etesami’s view is toward prejudice of personalities in her poems? The results show that Parvin mentions people's prejudices with a critical and poignant view.

Iyric titerature is a world full of secrets. Containing rich and anciant culture, khosrou&shirin poem is the sea of secrects of non-affected by the non-verbal elements more than verbal ones.As research has shown, more than 70% of human messages Transmit through non-verbal communication and audience get only 30% of The messages through word and speech.Nezami amazingly communicates to audience by creating different concepts and contexts throught coherence and body language Researching in interdisiplinary and communication sciences, The auther investigates The non- verbal communications in khosrou& shirin poem in this article, and attempts to Show the messages that the poet wanted to convey to the readers via non-verbal communication.Nezami has created a dramatic and romantic atmosphere by using the non-verbal functions of sign language, action language and the language of objects.This paper analyzes these functions.The result of the studies shows that body movements and eye contacts play a greal and important role in Conveying messages and synesis in The Field of Communication.Key words: non-verbal communication, lyricliterature, Body language, Language functions, khosrou&shirin poem.

One of the ways to recognize the linguistic and thought components of writers and poets is to examine their works from a stylistic point of view. Identifying stylistic elements in literary works leads the audience to the intellectual and linguistic world of the poet and writer. On the other hand, contemporary Iranian poetry underwent many changes and transformations from the coup d'etat of 28 August to the Islamic Revolution, influenced many events of Iranian writers and, consequently, their works, and each of them reflected in its own style and context. These events took place, in the sense that in addition to the content of their poems, their words and speech were also influenced by these contemporary currents, and even the romances of many poets were somehow influenced by political and social events. The present research is a descriptive and analytical method to analyze the poems of Nader Naderpour from contemporary poets with a light look. Findings indicate that in Naderpour's poems there are components of individual style: highlighting concepts and themes (mainly romantic and personal), using labeled words (using colors and elements of nature as a symbol), using pristine rhetorical elements And now that Nader Naderpour is a sign of novelism, they are considered as one of the prominent features of his poetry style, which is expressed in a simple and psychological way and has been presented to the audience. In addition, the sensuality of rhetorical elements is another indicator of Naderpour's style

The composite poem "With Neizeh Caravan" by AlirezaGhazveh is one of the most famous poems in contemporary religious literature. While creating an epic poem, the poet describes mostly the goals and consequences of the event and talks about the factors leading to its occurrence, making it a platform for expressing the concepts of freedom, defending rights, and resisting tyranny. At the structurelevel, its rhymes, rows, and word choice are all chosen for that purpose. The themes of his poetry also refer to this event as a great revolution.Paying attention to internal music, giving prominence to ideas and concepts, using the marked vocabularies, fluency and simplicity, eloquent elements artistically, making pictures of imagination and emotion, paying attention to addressee -centered and meanings, emphasizing on religious, revolutionary , humane and ideal concepts are among the features of his poetry style.Since stylistics is a tool for recognizing the poet's human, scientific, literary and ideological identity, this paper uses a descriptive-analytical procedure to investigate obvious stylistic features of the poet's Ashoraee composite based on layering stylistics. The results show the poet uses all the possibilities of poetry to explain his religious ideas and based on these ideas and Alavi, Hosseini and Ashurathemes, he can be called a conceptualist poet. A look at the literary and linguistic aspects of Ghazveh's poetry shows the poet knows the literary and linguistic standards of the past and present and wherever he deems appropriate, heuses them to add to his wordinfluence.

Art and literature have a special place in Campbell's mythology, which is one of the most important study objects. Single myth is one of the mythological methods in the field of literature and art, both in the field of creation and in the field of understanding. Critics turn to a single myth to understand the works created in this way. Campbell has been more involved with literature than any other art. The ancient model of Hero's Journey by Campbell is written on three general lines of narrative- separation, arrival, and return, along with seventeen sub-categories, which ultimately pave the way for the hero's psychological development.The present study is a analytic-comparative study that was conducted in the statistical population of Homay and Homayoun poems, and analyzed Homay's journey to China based on Joseph Campbell's "Hero's Journey" theory. And the result of the study indicates that at the end of the journey, the hero has reached a psychological development and self-knowledge and gained identity.

Astronomers have made predictions about the motion of the planets and perchging their orbits in the celestial belt, arguing this prediction based on the science or art of astronomical rules technique. In the definition of this industry, it has been said that recognizing the quality of the argument is based on the rotation of the heavens and the study of the towers and the motion of the stars, on what the moon heaven minister will be found before it is found. This knowledge has a very long history in the field of human knowledge, its history goes back to the ancient Babylonians and then to the Greeks, who played a significant role in its development. The knowledge of the rules of astronomy, which was initially the exclusive domain of astronomers and mathematicians, gradually expanded to the field of other sciences, so that even physicians in some eras used astronomy to treat their patients. Also, poets were not unaware of this knowledge and in the early periods of Persian poetry until the seventh and eighth centuries, they used it in their poems and created themes to express pride than other poets. The rulings related to the zodiac or the rulings related to each of the twelve towers or the famous stars in each of the towers, in the Sanaei court, have a special effect that we these meanings examined and studied under various headings as follows.

Story of Joseph as one of the best tales has caused various perceptions about it. One of the most important viewpoints is interpretation of mystics. In this article, we explain the viewpoint of mystics by extracting the themes. In order to do so, Tazkirat al-Awliya, al-Risala al-Qushayriyyh, Kashf ul Mahjoob, Meybodi Interpretation and other books were reviewed and the themes of the story were analyzed in relation with high mystical concepts divisible into two parts of concepts related to love and other mystic ones .Such studies show that love is more prominent than every topic in this story . Paying attention to the stages of love makes us understand how love causes the story achieve one position of most beautiful stories .Love as one of houses of knowledge causes a basic change in existence of follower . Addressing the love and mystical concepts related to it, has changed story to one of most fruitful and interpretable Quran stories. Joseph’s beauty as mirror and knowing it as place where divine beauties are displayed, increase insight of such love. The zeal of beloved for lover, self-sacrifice in affection and truth of love are the themes which show that love is key topic of Joseph’s story from viewpoint of mystics. The mystics have also considered characters of story as symbols by like Zuleikha as blaming soul , Jacob as wisdom , Joseph as heart or follower of path involved in jealousy anger and lust power as result of the attention of Jacob .

Some women Iranian contemporary writers at some stage of their writing deal with the nature and identity of women. The narrator of the novel, probably lost, also seeks self-awareness and the discovery of individual identity, and in this way, he suffers from an identity crisis and tries to overcome this crisis. Semiotics is one of the interdisciplinary research methods that analyzes the signs and is used in reading literary texts to understand the meanings hidden in them. In this article, an attempt has been made to study and analyze the social codes in the novel "Probably Lost" by Sara Salar, using the approach of social signs. An examination of the novel Lost in Social Semiotics suggests that the author has succeeded in representing and inducing his intended concept of identity crisis. Sarah Salar portrays the presence of social cues in identity codes such as place, clothing, food, and name; It emphasizes this concept especially through the association of past places as well as the anonymity of the main character. Signs of social etiquette are also abundant in this novel. The author has used various methods of non-verbal communication (such as tone and tone) as a platform to reflect the concept of identity loss; In this way, the offensive and unemotional tone of speech in the narrator's mental dialogues also serves to instill the concept of identity crisis.

Safa al-Qulub is a valuable work of which there is only one manuscript in the National Library of Tabriz and it has not been corrected yet. This book was written by Abdul Rahim Hazin Shirvani in the Qajar period in 19 speeches and 11 anecdotes and a short conclusion in the prayer for the good of the scribe, following the bread and halva of Sheikh Baha'i and in its weight and format. The present article is documented-descriptive and based on library studies, and seeks to answer the question, what are the most obvious features of the purity of the heart? For this purpose, the most important features of Safa al-Qulub at three levels of thought, language and literature, along with the introduction of the version and its calligraphy feature, have been examined and the hints and guarantees used have been extracted and confiscated. The research findings indicate that this work has the characteristics of the old style in a sense and the traces of modern words and expressions and new uses are evident in the lab of this version. The stylistic and calligraphic features of the version can also be seen in the other two versions. Only 7% of the verses are different. Following bread and halva is also evident in various places in the version. Apart from Sheikh Baha'i, the author of this work has also commented on the poems of Rumi, Attar and Saeb.

According to Habermas's theoretical framework, from the "relation of political thought to the course of the history of Western political thought", thought and politics in the classical period and in the Aristotelian tradition are intertwined around the concept of "happiness" because thought defines and Politics realizes the concept of happiness. Whereas in modern thought, in the Hobbesian tradition, ethics and politics are separated. In fact, the objective of the political structure of the Shahnameh is to make citizens happy as well as to create a foundation for security and the realization of welfare; By this description, in the framework of Habermas's theory ،this article argues that in the minds of Frankfurt school thinkers, thought and politics, like the classical tradition, can provide the concept of religious and scientific welfare, prosperity, justice, security, and assistance to the needy, which is the "virtue ethic".Machiavelli's "political ideas" and Moore's "social order" are not explained by the "virtuous" life of citizens. The question of these modern thinkers, unlike classical thinkers, is not the question of the moral condition of "the good life", but the question of the real conditions of survival. That's Moore's point. With this explanation, one can examine the gap between communicative rationality versus instrumental rationality according to Frankfurt in the political structure of the Shahnameh. This school leads us to "social consensus" and considers achieving liberation from worldly possessions as objective reason.

Expressing personal emotions in its broad concept in the form of poetry and prose has always been considered by poets and writers of Persian literature in different periods. Personal feelings and emotions, from the most delicate to the greatest, fall into the realm of lyrical literature. The novel is one of literary genres and it is the dominant literary genres of the present age, which has the potential and space to create lyrical concepts. “Shohare AhooKhanom” is a novel which is written by Ali Mohammad Afghani and is the first known work in the style of realism in Persian literature. In the present research, it is aimed to study the types of lyrical concepts in this novel by using the descriptive-analytical method. The lyrical concepts in Shohare AhooKhanom novel are mostly expressed in the form of description, love and affection, sadness, anger and hatred, happiness and hope, and music and local dance. The author uses these concepts to describe the space, the mood of the characters in the novel, and to have a greater impact on the audience.

Bābā-Faghānī Shīrāzī is one of the poets of the second half of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century, who has been called "Little Hafiz" due to his fame in writing lyric poetry (ghazal). The Dīvān of this poet was first published in 1937 in Lahore and then in 1961 by Aḥmad Soheilī Khānsārī in Tehran. Soheilī once again re-edited and republished this Dīvān in 1340 based on the other newfound manuscripts. In the introduction to this edition, he mentions that he has taken "utmost care" in editing this Dīvān. However, the comparison of this edition with authentic manuscripts indicates that the editor has made many mistakes in editing this text. In this edition, there are also lyric poems that are also attributed to Hilālī Jaghatā’ī with a slight difference. Bābā-Faghānī’s poetry until two centuries after his death, has been the model of poets in Iran and the Indian Subcontinent, and almost all of these poets have written a number of their lyric poems in the zamīn of Bābā-Faghānī’s lyric poems. But to date, there is no credible edition of Bābā-Faghānī's Dīvān. In the present article, the author attempts to show that this edition because of misreading and unspecified editing method is not a critical and scientific edition.

Derivation and compound are two main word-formation processes in Persian language. Since the verb is the most important element in the lexical and syntactic system, productivity of language in making diverse and numerous verbs is very important, so that these verbs were being productive and other words can be derived from them. This basic process is done through the process of derivation. Simple verbs are the most important elements in the Persian language that they can do the derivation. A glimpse on the usage of verbs in contemporary Persian language shows an inordinate tendency to make compound verbs, so that the number of simple verbs is very litter than of compound verbs, and the extant simple verbs mostly are being change to compound verbs. If this condition be continued, it can lead to gradual weakness and perhaps to stop verbal derivation in Persian language. In this paper, we will study the condition of simple and compound verbs in contemporary Persian language, and we criticize the theories about it, then the solutions will be studied to remedy this situation. Based on it, with usage and supporting the structures that they are subset of simple verbs or related with them, we can revive the ability of verbal derivation in Persian language. Supporting the potential of making Conversional Verbs; using the Causative Verbs and using the Prefixal Verbs are the most important solutions for revive verbal derivation in contemporary Persian language.