نشریه فلسفه تحلیلی
پیاپی 39 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The understanding of diversity and relation between biological individuals are the first issue of environments observations. This leads to offer evolutionary theories for explaining those facts since ancient till now. The cooperation between individuals with their environments was the basic idea of explanations in the history before Darwinian approaches. But Darwin offered his idea on base of a political economic theory which emphasis on competition between agents in economical activities. So the competition between biological entities is the foundation of Darwinian idea and any cooperation between entities in his approach explain away by consideration a competition between next level entities. On the other hand, there was not a well form and sound heredity theory in his time too. That’s why the Darwinian evolutionary theory faced some problems for explanation of some biological facts as same as others. Both of the cooperation and competition approaches alone could not explain the biological facts completely and coherently. It looks that while the basic relation between any biological individuals are cooperation with their environments, there are some race between almost same individuals for cooperation with their environments too.

Extensive studies on neuropsychiatric disorders have had a significant impact on our understanding of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system; To the extent that they have had important philosophical implications in the field of philosophy of mind and cognitive sciences. Autism is a disorder that has had many changes since its inception. Research on this disorder has made it a topic in philosophical psychology. The process of this research on cognitive and behavioral deficits in people with autism has had valuable insights into the development and structure of social cognition. In this regard, the three main theories of cognition, namely the theory of mind, the theory of simulation and the theory of executive control or the theory of metacognition, each with a different approach to autism disorder, introduce different causes. In this article, we will start with the clinical definition of autism, then introduce the three main theories of cognition, and finally show the superiority of simulation theory over the other two theories

The unity of the natural world has long been a subject of thought and interest for philosophers. In modern times, this has been studied by scientists in the natural sciences, including biology. Meanwhile, evolutionists believe that all kinds of natural beings in a descending continuum reach a single origin. In other words, all natural species emerge gradually from each other and finally from a common root. The evolutionists' statement of the unity of the natural world, requires that the nature of species is purely biological nature, and that this nature by itself, hasn’t any independent and actual feature. Such an exposition, as the evolutionists themselves have pointed out, is inconsistent with the theory of the illuminationist philosophers (such as Plato), who considered an independent and actual species. In this article, from the perspective of illuminationist philosophy, and especially Suhrawardi's viewpoint, the reasons of evolutionists' discussion of the unity of nature and the actuality of species has been reviewed. The results of this study show that in the illuminationist tradition, due to substantial increase of intensity, species can evolve in their own kind, but their independent actuality is provided not by material persons (sanam), but by lords of species and immaterial substantial lights

In modern times, with the avant-garde movement, recognizing the aesthetics object from a non- aesthetics object is difficult or impossible. Beardsley is one of the formalist philosophers who seeks to define the aesthetic object in order to make a difference between art and non-art. He first of all distinguishes aesthetic object from other aspects, such as paying attention to the artist''s intention or the author''s intention and audience’s perception, that the aspects are considered to be false inputs in the functionalist pattern and disrupt the aesthetic experience. According to this theory, the function of art is the make of aesthetic experience, which is characterized by features such as unity, complex and intensity. These features are followed by artistic value, the value that is the subject of the recognition of an artistic object, and the critic must be know it to use them in the evaluation of artwork that is content-centered. Because the aesthetic experience in art is its value and the only necessary condition for the work of art and is formed on the basis of a positive verdict, the purpose of this study is to identify the aesthetic object from the Beardsley view which can be defined by art. Our methodology, in terms of the nature of the research, is to collect materials through a library study and Internet search, then we examine and analyze them in order to obtain Beardsley’s definition of the aesthetic object and its status in art criticism

In evolutionary literary criticism, literary masterpieces are criticized from the perspective of Darwinian theory of evolution. The main purpose of this type critique is to shed new light on the ambiguous labyrinths of human relations with a new look. Joseph Carroll is one of the leaders in evolutionary literary criticism, and his most famous critique is based on Oscar Wilde's Dorian Gray. This article is a critical review of Carroll's evolutionary critique of Wilde's masterpiece. The article argues that Carroll faces this difficulty in his critique that from the evolution viewpoint the biological main purpose of human actions is survival and reproduction, Wilde, on the other hand, introduces an opposite goal to his protagonist, Dorian. Carroll's critique is a valuable literary critique, but it may not be considered a full-fledged evolutionary literary critique because Carroll's focus is primarily on evolutionary psychology and does not use the cultural evolution beyond biological levels in this critique. While by using theories such as De waal's views, this critique can be brought closer to an evolutionary literary critique.

In the history of human thought, no fundamental issue has made man think as much as the knowledge of God, which is not possible except through His attributes, and the answer to which has been a serious demand of thinkers of every age, especially philosophers. In Islamic philosophical thought, Ibn Sina's thought, as the most influential and stable ideas in the field of philosophy, which has caused profound intellectual changes, has special advantages. This article has tried to explain the relationship between the geometry of this sage's opinions in the basic axes of the discussion of divine names and attributes, ie “objectivity of essence and attributes” and “conceptual unity of attributes” by modeling this philosophical thought in the geography of Shiite thought. The final finding of the research emphasizes the fact that in Ibn Sina's view, “objectivity of attributes with essence” is in fact the basis of the theory of “conceptual union of attributes” and the connection between the two titles is necessary; Therefore, Ibn Sina, based on an accurate understanding of the “objectivity of essence and attributes” and subsequently, has proposed this specific theory in the “conceptual union of attributes”.

The subject of metaphysics, which was introduced in Greek philosophy, and especially in Aristotle's books, was expanded into the works of Muslim thinkers after being translated into Arabic. Most of them chose the most famous subject for the first teacher, that is, “existing in terms of existence”, sometimes under the influence of other words from Aristotle, “the object” and sometimes because of their religious tendencies, considered “obligatory existence” as the subject of philosophy. The present research is responsible for Hakim Sohrawardi's innovative view on this issue. The authors' method of discussion is a combination of historical description, analysis and comparison. Sohrawardi, in his works in the Peripatetic style, seems to have accepted Ibn Sina's view, preferring the title “existing in terms of existence” to other topics in philosophy in Peripatetic literature, and only in some places, the word “existence” in terms of its original meaning. Replaces “existing”. But in the book Hikmat al-Ishraq, we encounter a new conceptual system in which the “object” as the most obvious concept takes the place of existence and existence, and regardless of any constraints, is considered the subject of Enlightenment metaphysics. Sohrawardi from the beginning divides the object into light and darkness, and after that, other concepts of illuminated wisdom are formed. One of the important results of this approach is the denial of the validity of darkness and the rejection of the idea of the similarity of light, despite the fact that the commentators of the book Hikmat al-Ishraq have not properly.