نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 49 (پاییز 1400)

Due to the dynamism of literature, the effect of adaptation, composition and reproduction can always be sought among the literary works of the world. Comparative literature, meanwhile, is a tool for achieving influence and adaptation among world literature. Ferdowsi's influence on the world is obvious to everyone, and in the meantime, Morice Maeterlinck's adaptation of the story of Zal and Rudabeh Ferdowsi in the symbolic play of Pelleas and Melisande is an example of this influence on world literature. The purpose of this study is a comparative study of story elements such as: plot, theme, perspective, characters, time and place and its role in influencing the common chain of storytelling and moral results of two valuable works of Zal and Rudabeh Ferdowsi and Pelleas and Melisande of Maeterlinck. In this article, a comparative analysis of elements with a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies examined and with emphasis on commonalities and differences, the two epic-lyrical works and the symbolist play are analyzed and compared. We also explore human unwanted thoughts about love, fear of death, and the supernatural. The research findings show that both works have a continuous narrative structure that has used the elements of the story well in advancing the story. Also, the general plan of these two stories is such that they took place in a specific location and time frame and have a closed plot and plot and the elements of the story are completely coherent, but they are different in space and atmosphere.

Despite the fact that Irony has many examples in Iranian poetic literature, he has paid less attention to critique. Irony is a form of expression that is roughly equivalent to commonly used literary terms such as anthropomorphic, humorous, permissive, contradictory, sarcastic, mockery, and inspirational. Ironi is a literary arena and a special type of double-edged expression that is different from ambiguity. In other words, a kind of duplication is a counter-inference or a kind of inferiority contrary to the purpose of the speaker, which has become popular in European literature since the eighteenth century. Its lexical root dates back to the time of Socrates and ancient Greece. But this way of speaking has always been associated with language, as in many classical literary works, examples can be found, including Rumi's Masnavi. In this essay, we try to present the existing definitions of Irweni and its variants to the subject of Irony imitation in the story of the criminals of Maulana and to examine its hidden angles, while explaining the concept of Irene in poetry and expressing the distinction between this industry with ambiguity and indecision and other forms Two sides, in the form of a borderline between Irony and other literary industries, we will examine the manifestations of Irrowi's imitation in the story of "King and Kinnish" from Rumi.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the human worldview is undergoing transformations under the influence of the First World War, and subsequently the art of this age is also transformed. Human in this era, the human being is the dying and the mutilation and the anxiety in his being shadowed. This process in art is Expressionism, which, as an artistic school, represents the state of the art and presents works of art that reveal differences with the works of earlier periods. This article attempts to explore the components of Expressionism school in romania in Hamnavayi-e Shabane-ye Orkestr-e Chubha by Reza Qasemi using library resources and descriptive-analytic methods to help better understand the expressive aspects of the story. Introducing more of this work as a different model in Persian novels. The results show that the author is from factors such as expression of fear, psychological problems, confusion, faiths and beliefs, Romance and dealing with such puzzles as prediction, creating a crisis of identity, distortion of reality, seduction, emphasis on dismembering the form, and neglecting the rules of writing, and using some of these components of the teachings of the expressionism school which has been implicated in playwriting, and in particular the expressionist cinema of Germany; The fear of death, the use of the capacity of dark spaces and lighting, the disturbance of the narrator's personality by his shadow, and its consequences that lead to problems such as self-destruction and the identity crisis; In addition, the footprint of the writer's half-way to the expressionist painting is also evident in the novel, which has a special effect on Qasemi's work.

The nineteenth - century mystic poet Jami used two hundred anecdotes and allegories to express ethical, educational, and mystical themes in Haft Ourang.Of these, there are eleven anecdotes in the AttarMosibat-nameh. One way of measuring the power of the poets' creativity and style is to compare and contrast their fictional allegories. In this study, have compared and compared eleven common stories of the Haft Ourangs and the Mosibat - nameh based on personality traits. Attar sometimes criticizes Wonders, sometimes by expressing moral delicacies, from the language of the insane to the instruction of kings and tyrants ruling the people, using his personality and personality in the anecdote to explain his creativity.  He has used the intentions of his thoughts. The results show Attar's superiority, power and creativity because he has made the most use of the personality element as a fundamental tool in explaining his intentions and thoughts.

In the present age, which is the era of the rule of history and historicism, the question of identifying the mythical time and historical foundations is a concern for research.Particularly, in Iranian studies,  pinpointing the border between myth and history of the national epic is arduous.For the first time, Bertles  stated about the three distinct parts of  Shahnameh with mythical , historical and athletic titles. According to this view,the age of Pishdadian era is mythical, but scholars disagree on the era of Kianyan. The existence of mythical elements in the stories of Kianyan dynasty raises the question of whether the Kianyan kings have historical characters or belong to legends and myths. In response to this question, scholars such as Windschmall and Spiegel and Darmstadt and Lommel and wikander and Dozmil have a mythical view that  Kianyan or some of the kings of this dynasty are mythical.The existence of marvelous elements in the story of Kikavus and Kikhosro is the basis of this thinking. Another group of historians  such as Henning and Mary Boevis and Chrirstensen, consider Kianyan  kings the kings of East Iran to have ruled in the historical period before Achaemenids appierance and attendance Zoroaster in the kingdom goshtasp is the basis of this thinking In the present research, the views, arguments and evidence of these two groups of researchers have been criticized.The results of this study show that historians' theory is more reliable and closer to reality.

In the book “The Hero with a Thousand Faces”, Joseph Campbell introduces the hero’s journey archetype by examining various mythical stories in all over the world. He believes that in all stories, the hero’s journey follows a constant paradigm. In this research, this paradigm is investigated besides other archetypes including shadow, old wise man, anima and other mythical symbols in the book “Gol and Nowruz”. Examining this verse based on the Joseph Campbell approach is a new reading of this lyrical narrative. Although, Nowruz’ journey is done apparently to reach the beloved, in fact, it is considered a religious journey. Nowruz gets marry to Gol, as a Christian girl, by converting her to Islam after reaching her and returns to his country by uncovering the veil of ignorance. This journey introduces the hero as a universal figure, so that the society accepts him eagerly. He owes his immortality to the values that grants them to the society.

The thinking skills of self-awareness, empathy, decision-making and communication play an important role in the lives of children and adolescents. Child and adolescent writers can enhance these skills in children through the world of fiction and novels. Kids need to learn some skills to enter the community and life. Skills that prepare children to face life's challenges and problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the skills of self-awareness, decision-making, empathy and critical thinking in fiction works by Farhad Hassanzadeh. The research method is qualitative and quantitative analysis of the content of the works. The results of this study showed that among the skills studied, empathy and self-awareness skills had the most application among other skills. Among the components of self-awareness skills, the component of recognizing weaknesses and strengths and among the components of empathy skill, components of respect for others and friendliness have the most application. Another point is the lack of attention to components such as tolerance of individuals and attention to their values, critical thinking, and recognition of rights and responsibilities.

Shahr-ashoubs are a cycle of poems in the Qa`t`a form describing  trades, manner of traders,amusements  or  satirize  people and places and “Mas'ud-e  Sa'd-e  Salmaan” is the creator of the Shahr-ashoub genre . Mas'ud-e  Sa'd-e  Salmaan” is among the great Persian language poets of the fifth and sixth century A.H. and known as the greatest imprisoned Persian poet. His poems are in all of  forms of poems simill than Qasideh (ode), Ghazal (sonnet), Qa`t`a, and… The subjects of his qasayed (odes) include praise of the king and greats of the era, prison conditions and his torments from prison and the times. They have deemed Mas'ud-e  sa'd  the creator of the Mostazad form of poetry, and writer of the first chronogram. he aim of this article is the study of  Mas'ud-e-Sa'd-e Salmaan's  style of  Shahr-ashoubs. The methods used to examine poetic stile includes the examination of the nuances in language, culture and thought of these poems.

In literary sense demfamilirization is the technique of presenting in an unfamiliar way that part of literary concept of the text which is familiar to the audience. This literary technique was initially appeared in the Russian Formalists. In the modern story writing, defamilirization is expressed through different presentation and usage of the story elements. Postmodern stories in Contemporary Persian stand in an aura of modern features due to the choice of defamilirization in the story elements such as vision, theme, the atmosphere, time, form, tone and different conclusion, forcing the reader to read this story several times in order to be able to understand the writer’s point of view.Based on descriptive and analytical method within library process, this research attempts to know defamilirization  of story structures in postmodern stories on one hand and on the other to make a critical review of six stories by” Bijan Najdi”, “ Hadi Khorshahian”, “ Mehdi Yazdani Khorram”,Leila Sadeqi” and examines the constituent elements in them.

"Accompaniment" and "awe" are from mystical couple concepts. Most mystics consider "Accompaniment" and "awe" as mystical. Because mystic experiences both things and these states are fluctuate in moments of life; therefore, They provide comments on " awe and Accompaniment, but according to their thinking style, they prefer one to another. In their mystical works, they also offer their own views to their audience. In this study, using content analysis method, the problem of"Accompaniment","awe" and its educational aspect were discussed in Hadigheh Sanayi and Mathnavi ma'navi. Accompaniment and awe in"Hadigheh and Mathnavi ma'navi" are also from mystical couple concepts and at the rank Higher than"fear and hope" and"Sadness and mystical joy" and is part of mystical life. So these two mystics introduce some of the Seekers to the owner of the awe and some of the Seekers as the owner of the Accompaniment. Although the mystical works represent the entire state of the speakers of it, but sometimes the educational aspect prevails over the notion of life, and the creator of the work tends to fit into one of these awe or Accompaniment and refers to the attributes of torment or mercy God gives more emphasis. Sanayi, as the mysterious eremite, always fears God and makes readers aware of the awe of God. But moulavi, as the mystic of the romance method, further emphasizes the Accompaniment with the Lord and His beautiful attributes. The expression of the similarity and difference between the Sanayi and Moulavi School of thought and the mystical tendencies of these two mystics, and the expansion of their interpretation of the two awe and Accompaniment, are the main goals of this paper.

Over the past fewdecades, women writers have been able to reflect on the social, cultural, and emotional issues of woman. Among the themes that can be seen in their works are partriarchy, everyday life, loneliness and trying to find identity, and so on.zoya pirzad, one of the contemporary women writers, has been able to portray woman and the world of women with a feminine thought and writing. In her works, the main and central character is a woman. A woman with all the worries and issues related to the female world. Some of the womenin pirzads works are passive and patiently bow to problems. But others are willingly trying to solve the problems of individual and social life and establish their position. In this research, the woman and her social status in the works of this author are discussed.

In literary works, ancient texts and stories, women have had various roles and characteristics as part of society. Compilation of these works by men and addressing women and their position from their point of view is one of the most important features of these texts. The books of One Thousand and One Nights and also Kelileh va Demneh, as two ancient fictional works that have many stories in them, are very good narrators to express the position of women and their position in ancient societies. Women have different characteristics, roles and positions in the stories of these two works, and there are many negative and positive characteristics about them. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, the characteristics, position and social role of women in the tales of One Thousand and One Nights and Kelileh va Demneh have been compared and expressed. The results of this study show that more and more attention to the negative characteristics of women in the stories of One Thousand and One Nights and Kelileh va Demneh shows the view of male writers in a patriarchal society towards women and their position. In the tales of One Thousand and One Nights, the betrayal of women in the highest position, that is, the queen and the king's wife, has been the main and beginning of the stories, but in the stories of Kelileh and Demneh, this feature has been attributed to women in other classes of society. Other positive and negative characteristics such as tact, knowledge, wisdom, courage, cunning and trickery are all items that have been attributed to women in the stories of both Thousand and One Nights and Kelileh va Demneh.

In addition to correcting and printing literature, accurate description of vocabulary and difficulties in some of these texts is vital which can help the readers of these works helping them to understand the text better. One of these texts, "Atabat-ol-kataba" is written by Montajab-o-ddin Badi'e Joveini which includes samples of administrative and court-related correspondence as well as friendly letters of Sultan Sanjar Saljuqi era and  revised along with the description of the text in 2017 by Maryam Sadeghi regarding the Allameh Qazvini and Sir Abbas Eqbal; and it has been published in Negah Moaser Publications. This article is the result of reviewing the text description of this book, which has been done with analysis and description of the findings in a library style. The results of this research show that the commentator of "Atabat-ol-kataba", despite his efforts to eliminate the shortcomings of Qazvini-Eqbal printing, has made obvious mistakes in describing some cases, which not only do not remove the ambiguities of the text, but may also mislead the reader. In this research, some of these mistakes as well as typographical faults are presented to explain the necessity of modifying the errors in the book and the need to review it by the commentator for later editions, in addition to the use of the readers of "Atabat-ol-kataba".

The main duty of literature is to affect audiences’ emotions. Poem is often a reflection of its creator’s emotional state. Thus, affection as one of the spiritual elements of poem is considered the most important artistic constituent. It is as a bridge connecting the outer and inner aspects of its creator that has the greatest influence on the audience; In this respect, it seems vital to analyze and investigate the aforementioned element compared to other effective ones. This study aims to recognize the two sightless poets’ themes and thoughts in terms of common affection that is due to their physical defects; differences and similarities of their perspectives could lead to more understanding and to help intercultural interactions, affinity of civilizations and betterment of the world piece. In this study through a descriptive-analytical approach, we intends to investigate the ways to transfer affections, emotions, induction of meaning  as well as poetic tools such as simile, metaphor, sensuality and illustration. Our findings show sensuality or the element of affection is the main commonality between the two poets.  This element is more rigorous when one realizes that their blindness not only has not caused limitations, but also has enabled them to be distinctive from other sighted poets.

Nahj al-Balagha, the Imam Ali's Speeches collected by Seyyed Razhi (the famous Imamie Scholor in the fourth century) is said to be over the Creature speech and below the the creator speech. It is a precious book containing the sermons; letters and short words (Hekmat) of Ali (as). This book is important both literally, religiously, politically and socially. It has been available to Muslims for centuries and they benefited greatly from it. This book has several translations in Persian that number up to 100 titles But in addition to the valuable and useful points in these translations, there are some ambiguities that damages the proper understanding of Nahj al-Balagha's terms, so that in some cases the meaning of Mulla 'Ali's words is inconsistent with these translations. Sometimes the translation of the literal meaning of the phrase is rendered by an interpreter, and sometimes the changes of literal meaning of the words over the centuries has been ignored. The categorization of these ambiguities and mistakes and recognizing their damages to the correct meaning of Nahj al-Balagha's in its translations are the subject of this article.