نشریه اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
سال دوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

Organizations operating in a dynamic environment can lead to entrepreneurial activities and gain a competitive advantage through improvisation. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the factors affecting corporate entrepreneurship with an improvisational approach. The statistical population included 63,000 employees in 22 districts of Tehran Municipality in 2020. The statistical sample is estimated using the Cochran's formula of 381 people. In order to collect research data, a questionnaire of 47 researcher-made propositions with a Likert scale of 5 was used. The questionnaires were distributed online in September 2020. Convergent and divergent validity, combined reliability and Cranach’s alpha were used to assess the technical characteristics of the questionnaire. Findings showed that supportive policies, motivational policies, communication, strategic factors, human, cultural, internal and external organizational have a positive effect on corporate entrepreneurship with an improvisational approach. Finally, the results showed that corporate entrepreneurship with an improvisational approach leads to rapid response of the organization to critical conditions and dynamic environment.

Modernizing Iranian cities by extensive street making for the cars and damaging historical passways changed the physical-Spatial structure and historical paths. The Uptown passway of Naraq was not safe from damages that resulted from widening pathways. This research with focusing on the changes applied to the spatial structure of this historical pathway, studying different profiles; Historical district pathology shows that changes made to the city lead to the disarranging cohesive structure of the district and passway, its isolation, gradual destruction of the buildings and generally losing the importance of passway in the city; In contrast, the historical city still has prominent values and need conservation, revitalization, and development. To keep the urban values of the historical pathway with these difficulties, we rely on the derived guidelines from the Nara document and San Antonio statement regarding authenticity and Nairobi recommendation about integrity, conserving and determining authenticity and integrity of historical city in the format of urban systems, accessibility, structure, functional and Visual landscape, defining the specification of the historical city derived from the Washington charter. The extracted guidelines were studied using SWOT analysis. So that any action applied to the historical passway will be based on policies that guarantee the authenticity and the integrity of the historic city. Assessing guidelines by the explained framework shows that conserving cityscape pertinent to its context and reinforcing elements and architectural outstanding patterns in the pathway and the texture around it is among the most important solutions that help reach the goal of this research.

The aim of this study was to analyze barriers of Entrepreneurship Development in Enterprises of goods and services distribution network in Ilam province. A descriptive- survey method was used for this research. The statistical population of the study was experts and specialists familiar with the field of food distribution network of food distribution and Distribution Company that 30 experts and 3 food distribution companies were studied as a statistical sample. Instrument of data gathering was structured interview using Al Saati nine order professional questionnaires. The validity of questionnaire was considered by expert opinion of university professor and experts. The reliability of questionnaire assured by considering of Incompatibility of decision matrices due to judgment of each respondent. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Expert Choice 11 and SPSS 23 software was used for data analysis. Findings showed that the most important barriers in Enterprises of goods and services distribution network were include as: infrastructural, economic, managerial, marketing, administrative-legal, human, and cultural Barriers, that among these factors, infrastructure factors were the most important barriers and cultural factors was the least important barriers in these Enterprises. Also, the results of the study of the following criteria for barriers to businesses in the distribution network of goods and services showed that Weakness of unions in the field of supervision, distribution and distribution of goods, the most deterrents are the businesses of the distribution network of goods and services in Ilam province.

The rising energy demand and limited fossil reserves have driven planners to use renewable resources. This is especially important in meeting the demand for housing without power and gas-supply networks. In this study, relying on biological resources in Kermanshah province, biogas production capacity and economic evaluation in settlements on the outskirts of Kermanshah city using livestock dung were performed by cost-benefit method. The results of biogas production assessment have shown that the annual anaerobic digestion of a total of 2.83 thousand-tons of animal waste, has a biogas production capacity equivalent to 113744/05 m3.year-1, which can meet the gas demand in the case study and its surplus is used for the annual production of 46/67 MWh of electricity. Also, the results of economic evaluation of the construction of biogas production unit with power generation showed that the capital cost and the operation cost in the base year is equal to 10262/97 and 1337/53 million-Rials, respectively and the annual income from the sale of biogas, compost fertilizer and profits from the sale of electricity will be equivalent to 84/29, 2974/02 and 343/05 million-Rials.year-1, respectively. Therefore, in case of electricity generation from surplus biogas, the net present value will be positive and equal to 4481/32 million-Rials. Also, the cost benefit ratio is equal to 1/27 and the internal rate of return is equal to 37% which indicates the justifiability and profitability of the project.

Increasing the attendance in urban spaces depends on several factors. People with disabilities are usually unable to attend public spaces alone due to physical disabilities. One of the most significant factors that cause citizens to come in urban spaces with any degree of physical-motor ability is the public space adaptation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the problems of disabled people in urban areas and provide suggestions to solve them. After studying the library resources and conducting interviews with ten experts and specialists, the current situation has been studied and analyzed by conducting field surveys and using the QSPM technique. Using the analysis and according to the studies, the main problems in this area are lack of proper access to transportation stations, public buildings and streets, and intersections. The result obtained from this article shows that by implementing the following strategies, we can help increase the attendance of citizens, especially the disabled. Solutions include adapting existing transportation stations, streets and intersections, and existing public buildings for use by the disabled, revising the case study design based on urban planning criteria, and improving flooring, especially mosaics for the blind.

This qualitative research aims to formulate a model for sustainable development of mountaineering in the country using systematic grounded theory. For this purpose, an open interview with 18 professors of sports management and mountaineering experts with experience and history of long ascents, a collection of basic themes recycled during the coding process, from which categories were extracted. In the axial coding phase, the relations among these categories were determined in the form of coding paradigm as below: mountain nature management and strengthening of social values, axial phenomenon: environmental, economic and socio-cultural sustainability, strategy factors include: training, teamwork, experience sharing, environmental attitude and cost management, background factors include: education, respect for nature, cooperation, commitment and responsibility, interfering conditions, including: tolerating the opinions of others, respecting the customs of the natives and observing the principles and rules of mountaineering, and consequences, including: preservation of nature and indigenous culture, employment were determined in the form of coding paradigm. Then and in selective coding phase, all the components of coding paradigm were described and the theory was formulated and presented. Considering the category of sustainable development and mountaineering, which has gained a lot of fans at the moment, and this increase in approach will have different consequences, Therefore, the mountaineering federation and the mountaineering delegations of the provinces should have a review and a well-planned for the scientific management of this socio-sports activity.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the antecedents and consequences of citizens’ forgiveness in the Internet taxi industry. This study is applied research that has been done in Yazd. The type of research data is quantitative and has been collected by library and field methods. In terms of method, it is a correlational survey study and is in the category of descriptive studies. The statistical population of this study includes all customers of Internet taxis in Yazd. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 400 people by available sampling method. The main data collection tool is a questionnaire consisting of 27 specialized questions with a five-point Likert scale. Convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire were confirmed. The combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire for all dimensions were obtained from 0.7 more. The conceptual model of the research was tested using the Partial Least Squares technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 and Smart PLS 2 statistical software. The results of this study showed that compensation, hearing the customer's voice and apologizing have a significant effect on customer forgiveness. On the other hand, customer forgiveness reduces negative word of mouth and increases customer feedback and compromise.

Urban modernization as one of the solutions; The measure is in the face of widespread wear and tear of worn-out tissues. Social capital, including values such as trust, participation, and solidarity in the residential sector, is a concept that has become particularly important in the process of urban renewal in recent decades. Participation in the renovation of dilapidated structures is influenced by various factors, the most important of which are the social, cultural and cultural capital. The paper aimed to investigate the role of capital ‌ social-cultural on the participation of Gonbad and Gorgani citizens in the renovation of the worn-out texture. Theoretical framework based on patent theories; Coleman and Bourdieu. Research Methods; Survey and data collection tools are questionnaires. Sampling by clustering method and sample size is 382 residents of worn-out tissue. The findings show that socio-cultural capital has a positive effect on the participation of residents. Social trust index; Sense of cooperation; Social cohesion and introverted and extroverted social capital; Cultural capital is objectified by cultural capital indicators; Embodied cultural capital; Institutionalized cultural capital has had the greatest impact on the participation of residents in the reconstruction of worn-out tissue.

In the current changing and uncertain conditions, municipalities must expand their tangible and intangible resources and internal capabilities to be able to respond to environmental changes. Therefore, they can achieve macro and long- term goals if they have a codified strategic plan. In this study, the researcher presented a model for the development of environmental diplomacy with emphasis on the role of municipalities in the data foundation method. According to the example of this research, it is from the environment and the environment, which has 4 currencies in the air. Theoretical sample to be interviewed based on theoretical sampling method and using purposive method, first 6 people were interviewed as the initial purposive sample and finally 19 people were interviewed until the model reached theoretical saturation. The software used to analyze the data is MAXQDA. The main findings of the research are presented in two parts: conceptual framework and conceptual model. In this model, it considers the internal factors affecting productivity such as manpower, intellectual capital, as well as the context and structure of technology. This model increased the productivity of municipal knowledge management and economic performance. Also, without applying appropriate strategies in the organization, the realization of environmental strategy in the municipality will be challenged. On the other hand, the researcher states that the application of environmental strategy in the municipal service chain accelerates the progress of these procedures.

In this study, the flood vulnerability of Bandar Abbas was investigated using the indicators of socio-economic status, urban density, population density and building quality and TOPSIS-hierarchical method. Therefore, at first, the weight and importance of the indicators were determined based on expert opinions and hierarchical analysis method. Then the vulnerability of the city to floods was calculated using the TOPSIS method. The study area was divided into 5 urban blocks, and then the decision matrix was formed according to 5 blocks and 4 indicators. Finally, the final map of Bandar Abbas urban flood vulnerability was prepared in ArcGIS software. The results of vulnerability analysis showed that the population density factor with a weight of 0.306 is the most important. Finally, the comprehensive analysis of Bandar Abbas flood vulnerability proved that the southern and central parts of the city and urban block No. 5 have higher vulnerabilities and these parts are a high priority for urban runoff and flood management. High population density can be one of the reasons for the vulnerability of this region to floods. The development of green space and increasing the capacity of the street runoff collection system are among the important measures to reduce urban flooding. Also, the spatial distribution of population density and urban density in Bandar Abbas was unbalanced and this issue should be considered in the management plans of this city to reduce the concentration of population in areas with high vulnerability.