نشریه علم و تمدن در اسلام
پیاپی 8 (تابستان 1400)

The modernists and enlighteners of the Bukhara Emirate, in response to the political, social, economic and cultural backwardness of the Emirate and the subsequent domination of Tsarist Russia over the Central Asian region, which led to familiarity with Russian and European modernity and culture, called for reforms in various fields. Including literature and the education system. This thinking led to the formation of a movement called the "Maarifparvari Movement" led by Ahmad Makhdoom Danesh (1243-1314 AH / 1828-1897 AD). Ahmad Danesh attributes the backwardness of his society to the two ruling forces in Bukhara; The masters considered politics and religion and called for political, educational, literary and cultural reforms in the traditional Bukhara society. In this study, the author intends to answer the question by looking at the activities of Ahmad Danesh, what actions did Danesh take with the aim of reforming Bukhara, and what achievements and reactions did these actions lead to? The results of the research indicate that he criticized the tyranny of the rulers and the ignorance and backwardness of the conservative clerics and tried to understand and popularize literary and written works and return to the original national and historical traditions in cultural affairs. He sought to reform society and called for a change in the view of the role of government, people and religion in Bukhara society; In response to Ahmad Danesh's activities, Bukhara's conservative scholars accused him of blasphemy and heresy.

The decline of civilization in general and Islamic civilization, in particular, are among the issues that have been the focus of various scholars in the fields of history, civilization, theology, philosophy, politics, and the social sciences and they've involved at it from a variety of perspectives. The astonishing progress and brilliance of Islamic civilization in the centuries of history, and then its decline and scientific decline, have shaped the question in the minds of thinkers and scholars what factors have influenced the decline of Islamic civilization? This article examines the decline of Islamic civilization from the perspective of the history of civilization writers and scholars who have focused on the history of Islamic culture and civilization and the reasons for these two categories are outlined. The findings of the study show that, from the perspective of these scholars, both intrinsic and extrinsic factors have influenced the decline of Islamic civilization and of these, the internal factors of Islamic society have played a key role in the decline of Muslim civilization, and the influence of external factors has been due to the favorable internal conditions.

This paper investigates and analysis the science relation in universities. The university is the reference for sciences publish and develop. Scope of current universities in some countries such as Iran follows the common research and education systems in the world. This following cannot make convergence in applications and practices of science because there has no unique target. Why we don’t have comprehensive scientist, allameh, is the main question that shows this interruption. This paper investigates the question and its consequencesin the world, western and eastern Islamic civilizations. The balanced progress (sustainable development) is one of this interruption results. It shows enhanced ecological disaster along with human growth rate. The Islamic University has some definition point with results should be shows combining in sciences with no margins between them. But the secular worldview in sciences leads to individual development without any interaction effect. So the universities should be have systems make science convergence such as interdisciplinary content field.

Since the 19th century, with the beginning of Oriental studies in German-speaking lands (Germany, Belgium, Austria, Luxembourg, Switzerland), we have witnessed its marginal place in the intellectual life of scholars in this region. The existence of slang terms indicates that Oriental studies in Germany are not serious and casual. Nevertheless, the land nurtured great scholars in this field, including Theodore Noldeke, a prominent orientalist and specialist in Islamic history and civilization. This research intends to use the descriptive-analytical method to examine the thoughts and motives of this famous German orientalist. By analyzing different sources, it can be said that Noldeke benefited from different sciences, such as knowledge of Oriental sciences, dealing with the fields of Islamic history and civilization, mastery of Semitic languages, and truth-seeking., Lexical view and accuracy and insight in all his surviving works are among the achievements of this research towards the scientific personality of this Orientalist.

Protecting Islam from the all-out invasion of the West, along with providing a living for the Muslim people, is an issue that Iranians have faced for the past 150 years. The first stage of this issue is the conflict or semantic interaction of modern concepts such as freedom-liberation, democracy-constitutionalism, development-progress, civilization-modernity and the like, which is called the crisis of concepts in the humanities. Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi and Ayatollah Mohammad Hossein Naeini Gharavi are among the religious pioneers of confrontation with modern concepts, but these two with two distinct methods, one by preserving the originality of tradition, focusing on imposing traditional meanings on modern concepts and the other by arguing that modern concepts do not change with Islam. , Supervising the imposition of modern meanings on traditional concepts, have encountered the concept of civilization in its new meaning, that is, material development and progress. The present article focuses on the category of civilization to explain these two methods and the results obtained using the content analysis method.

Science and what science is is one of the most challenging topics among modern thinkers. In his book "What is Science", Alan Francis Chalmers discusses the nature and nature of scientific methods based on inductiveism, falsificationism, rationalism, relativism, regression theories, and horizonism. In his other book, " Science and its Fabrication ", he tries to defend the objectivity of scientific knowledge by expressing positivist theory and historical − sociological strategy; But the findings suggest that Chalmers has drawbacks in explaining what science is in his first work. Although he has tried to eliminate them in his second book; But since his intellectual foundations are derived from Kant's theory and consequently Kant and positivist foundations, he could not combine the nature and construction of science and succeeded in explaining what science is.
The author seeks to answer the question, what is science from the point of view of Alain Francis Chalmers, and what is the evolution of his reading of science? In the present article, first, the principles of Chalmers's thought in the two mentioned works have been studied by internal critique method and then external critique has been made by using Hamid Parsania's views. Professor Parsania, in order to get out of the crisis of the nature of science, considers it to have an intrinsic identity and soul that enters the second and third worlds with motives and contexts and is not limited to testable knowledge. In the present article, using the explanation of physicality, occurrence and spirituality, the survival of science and knowledge, the answer to Chalmers's problems in what science is has been explained.