نشریه مطالعات عمران شهری
پیاپی 13 (تابستان 1399)

The expansion and development of tourism in developed countries has resulted into to the increasing diversity of jobs and income sources and the reduction of inconsistencies in other sectors. For developing countries encountering numerous economic and social problems, this industry can provide a good opportunity for planners to reduce inequalities, increase incomes and new job opportunities, and balance the economic levels of different regions of the country. Although tourism has grown increasingly in recent years, the effects on the host community are not well recognized. To achieve long-term sustainability of the destination, special attention should be paid to this topic. The present study is aimed to evaluate the citizens attitude to urban tourism development of Ilam. According to Cochran's formula, there are 384 people as the study sample above 18 years old. The results of the data showed that all aspects of citizens' attitudes, including (economic, socio-cultural, affect the development of tourism in Ilam). Also, the attitude of residents regarding the effects of tourism on the environment of Ilam city is negative and undesirable.

In Iran, although the term “participation” in the form of cooperation and collaboration has a long history, this phenomenon in its new concept has not yet been institutionalized in the country. With a review of the considerations made in citizen participation in the development of urban plans in Iran, we can say that most of the experiences in the process of preparation and implementation of plans have followed a top-down approach regardless of life and behavioral patterns and participation of residents. The present paper attempts to explain the importance of the role of citizens who are vital elements in the development of urban plans to provide solutions to enhance their participation in the management, decision-making process, investment of urban plan development in order to achieve a participatory development approach. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the patterns of citizen participation in Bonab and provide an optimal model. The present study is a descriptive survey and analytical study that was conducted via field studies (questionnaire) and the distribution of the questionnaire to 382 among all residents was performed using simple random sampling. Also, the data were analyzed using SPSS statistical analysis (Spearman correlation test). The results show that the level of participation of the people of Bonab at a low level and the advisory model (the third level of the seven standard levels of participation) has been proposed as a sample model and there is a long way to reach the 7th level (self-motivated participation), which is the highest and best level of participation. In addition, there is no positive and significant relationship between the variables of age, gender of citizens, the level of social participation in social institutions, realism, citizens 'attitudes toward the problems of the projects and citizens' participation in urban development projects. There is a significant, low and partial relationship between the place of birth, unity, Bonab city plans, the citizens 'opinions about the residents of the neighborhood, the citizens' residence history and the urban development plans variables.

The increasing growth of the urban population and the vertical and horizontal expansion of cities have caused many problems for urban communities. Since the late twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, much attention has been paid to the quality of the environment in urban communities and the promotion of urban living standards. The emergence of different schools of thought and some terms such as ecosystem and green urbanism are examples of these efforts. One of the studied and new solutions in urban planning and urban design is the maximum use of vertical green surfaces such as gardens, roofs and green walls in order to reduce the adverse effect of the environment in cities. The present study is aimed to investigate the role and effect of green roofs and walls in increasing the quality of the environment in Mashhad metropolis. This research is applied and has been conducted by descriptive-analytical method. There were 42 questionnaires in the Delphi groups, which was analyzed based on hierarchical analysis. The results of this study showed that the three indicators of physical, aesthetic and environmental factors are among the most important parameters in increasing the quality of urban life and among these factors ,the increase in urban green space per capita and the development of urban green buildings with a coefficient of importance of 5.7 and 4.6 percent in the environmental criteria, respectively, have the highest rank in improving the quality of the urban environment in Mashhad metropolis.

When we view the city from above, we see it as a cohesive holistic picture, full of spaces. Therefore, with designing each of the constituent elements, popular and enticing environments are necessary. The revitalization of urban centers has a great effect on the quality of life of citizens in economic, social and environmental aspects, and on the other hand achieves improving the morale of citizens from a social perspective and by creating a public environment for sightseeing and shopping to a vibrant and developing economy. The sidewalk has a great social role that today these passages are paved and empty of cars with open restaurants and lots of benches are the best place to spend leisure time in modern countries. Thus,, as a case study, we studied the Tehran Bazaar sidewalk, which is in the 12th district of Tehran Municipality with a daily floating population between 1-1.5 million people. The location of Tehran Bazaar in the south of the sidewalk absorbs many citizens to this area and this issue requires special attention in order to provide services in accordance with the volume of sidewalk users. The purpose of this study is to investigate the revitalization of the market sidewalk with the focus on sidewalk construction and its role in the development of urban tourism. This research is a descriptive-analytical study and data collection was performed by documentary or library method. The results show that the development of urban tourism with the focus on sidewalk construction and urban market revitalization has a direct and positive effect on economic well-being, increase social interaction and increase tourists. In the context of sidewalk with the valuable texture, there is the possibility of enhancing facilities and activities that create collective and public space.

Since new cities are considered as the main elements of population overflow and play a crucial role, the strengthening of new cities can have very useful results in the balanced development of regions. The present study was aimed to investigate the stability of the new city of Shushtarno based on sustainability indicators using the DPSIR method. In this study, the socio-cultural, environmental, economic, physical-structural and political dimensions in the new city of Shushtarno were investigated and it was found that due to the low per capita of cultural centers, low per capita green space and their inappropriate distribution, lack of attention to urban and commercial service centers, lack of implementation of health centers, lack of educational centers (schools, technical and vocational training centers) and the lack of an independent municipality don’t have indicators of sustainable urban development. Therefore, it is required to use proper management practices to achieve the indicators of sustainable urban development.

Today , the high temperature is one of the main problems in the city, which affects the thermal comfort of pedestrians. Therefore, urban designers and planners should consider the effect of various urban elements such as water elements on thermal comfort. In this study, to investigate the effect of vegetation and water levels on thermal comfort of pedestrians in the city, Envi-met environmental software has been used. The result showed that vegetation and water have a better effect at the same time than when they are used alone and there is a difference of about 0.5-1 degrees in their effectiveness. It is worth to mention that vegetation is a more powerful solution to reduce the air temperature in the hot season of the year. The extent of these cooling effects of vegetation and water levels depends on the distance from them. The radius of the effect of these two elements on air temperature can be observed up to 200-300 meters. The water level has a better effect when it is close to the ground level, and these effects also depend on artificial environment around it including the height and density of the surrounding buildings.