فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 83، پاییز 1399)

The concept of tenure security in spontaneous settlements is largely linked to the right to live for the inhabitants of these areas and is defined as living in a place without fear of losing it. In other words, tenure security is the right of all individuals and groups to have adequate support against forced eviction. The fact is that securing shelter is a basic and necessary principle for improving the living conditions of the poor that are living in these settlements. Also, it is the best way to reduce poverty and considered as the first step in reducing the vulnerability and constraints facing urban poor. Now this question arises that what factors affect the formation of tenure security in spontaneous settlements. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting the formation of tenure security in Tehran Metropolitan Area. For this purpose, based on theoretical foundations, including important theories and significant researches in association with framework of mentioned objective, a two-level approach to explain the tenure security has been proposed. According to this approach, the merging and combining of factors that create security tenure in legal, de facto, and social dimensions in minds of individuals, make them perceive security. In order to measure the aforementioned model, which was determined by 13 criteria and 48 indicators, the settlements of Eslam-Abad, Khat-e Chahar-e Hesar, Hesar-e Amir, Emamzadeh Ali and Mian-Abad (located in Tehran's metropolitan area) were selected as case studies. The research method of this study is causal-analytic and used the survey include administration and completion of 473 questionnaires which to gather the required information. In order to measure the performance of the proposed model, the techniques of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in the AMOS software have been used. The results of research indicate that the model fit is acceptable and about 90% of the security of tenure variance at the 99.9% confidence level is explained by the model. The effect of criteria on the perception of tenure security indicates that the existence of supportive networks (with coefficient of 0.947), cohesion and social solidarity (with coefficient of 0.753), and the criterion of the type of possession and ownership document (with coefficient of 0.650) had the greatest impact on tenure security. Altogether, the legal, de facto, and social dimensions of tenure security, with effect of 15.4, 61.3 and 23.3 percent, have been able to influence the perception of residents security status. According to the findings of this research, it can be said that establishment of any attitude, drawing of vision regarding the tenure security and, at the same time, planning and action to improve it in spontaneous settlements due to simultaneous attention to legal, de facto, social and perceived tenure security will be possible. Accordingly, the promotion of tenure security should be part of interconnected actions such as: respect for the right to live, strengthening of support networks, promotion of local capital, creation of employment opportunities, provision of vital infrastructure, local and urban services, provision of social services and appropriate legal options to meet the needs of residents.

In the majority of spaces that are similar to each other in various houses, recognizing and categorizing common behavioral patterns in different spaces of a house updates the architects’ and designers’ knowledge. It also increases their better understanding of users’ behavioral needs and interests at any time. It also helps them to avoid using old and unpractical clichés in house designing. The Appearance of various behaviors over time has led this study to identify and analyze behavioral patterns in housing spaces by reviewing the current location of users in the form of behavior settings. The information in this research is descriptive-analytic and is obtained by using non-interventional evaluations of the observable samples, by using researcher-made tools in the form of identification tables of behavior settings together with the users’ drawing. In this research, all behaviors in each of the housing spaces were identified with all synomorphics, probability of occurrence, and other indicators of behavioral settings. The findings of this research identify a network of behavior settings in housing along with all their characteristics, temporal, and spatial features. The most important principle in organizing spatial behavior settings of housings is to pay attention to the temporal organization of behaviors. By using this method, one can obtain the spatial features pertinent to the places where there are the occurrences of behaviors. It is possible to design space for optimal use of daylight, according to the time interval of the occurrence of behavior settings. The improvement of the internal structure (arrangement of furniture and accessories) is also possible with the spatial layout of the house based on concomitance and time intervals. Spatial concomitance and spatial sequences of occurrence of behaviors in the behavior settings can be worked upon. Creating the appropriate potentials for strengthening the major behaviors of space, as well as removing or controlling potentials for disorderly behaviors in space can enable the creation of responsive spaces. The more the types of users of the behavior settings increase or, in other words, the more the behavior settings become public, the variety of activities increases and the probability of disorderly behaviors also increases. As a result, there are decreases in the amount of agreement with the occurrence of behaviors, the limitation of the time and place of occurrence of behaviors and the concomitance with the physical context. Thereafter, the potential for the occurrence of behavior settings is also reduced. This research identifies the status of each behavior in order to strengthen, reduce, control, or eliminate them by creating spatially balanced platforms and modifying the degree of communication or degree of separation at different levels, such as: behaviors, synomorphic, behavior setting and spaces. Therefore, this study seeks to provide solutions in order to generate better responses of spaces to users’ behavior. Based on these results, one can grasp the correct and realistic understanding of the behavioral currents in each housing space in order to design a space commensurate with the roles and functions of that space, considering the contribution of each behavior in space.

Parsa, which we call Takht-e-Jamshid and westerns call it Persepolis, is the most important heritage of the Achaemenids. The complex is a series of buildings and palaces dating from 510 to 330 BC. It has emerged as an administrative, governmental and ceremonial complex on a huge man-made rocky platform. One of the basic measures taken to protect buildings on the platform of the Persepolis from the mountain floods and provide drainage for the buildings is the construction of about two kilometers of water canals under the platform. The canals are partly dug into the rock or built over the bed of the platform and run from north to south and west to east to gather the water of 125,000 square meters of palaces and administrative or service buildings. Sometimes these canals are up to 6 meters deep and are generally not less than one meter wide and covered with thick stone slabs. Various archaeologists, such as Schmidt (1939), Tajvidi (1355 solar), Askari (1383-85, solar) Asadi (1395 solar), and scholars such as Hakim, Reza, and Zare have studied the water canals of Persepolis. However, a study of architecture, construction and spatial features of canals is still necessary. This study, has monograph research method which starts from review of first-hand library resources specifically archeological reports and continues with field surveys. It first attempts to integrate the complex network architecture of the canals in interaction with terrain topography, heights of platforms, and 12 monuments over the ground. It Identifies the function of each canal in relation to roof surfaces, walls and open courtyards. The research has classified the canals based on their different characteristics. Functional canals were first divided into four categories: 1. vertical drainage transfer 2. Over ground water transfer 3. Secondary and short waterways 4. Main waterways. They were then divided into three categories based on their form: 1. Open canals that starts through the Gate of Nation 2. Covered canals with or without ventilating holes. The final categorization was carried out according to the method of stonework of the canals, which is the unified stone with smooth carving or coarse carving. It seems that the smooth carvings belong to the first period of construction in Persepolis in the time of Darius, 515 to 490 BC under Apanada Palace. Some of the canals were created not by digging directly the rocky mountain but by arranging rocks on top of each other. Morphological study of the canals shows that there are two important east-west canals which pass through Apadana palace and residential palaces, reaching to a north-south canal adjacent to the mountain at the east of Persepolis platform. The height difference of the longest canal is -7 meters. The average slope is 2% but some have more than 30 %slope to be able to provide the desired depth and homogeneous system of water flow. As a conclusion, after examining the gradual process of formation of Persepolis, archaeological hypotheses suggested by Hertzfeld and Schmidt on the impact of canals on unified planning of Persepolis from the beginning of construction are reviewed.

Schools as a learning space has long played a special role in society and its architectural features, along with other environmental characteristics, can lead to the meaning of the educational place; meanwhile , space syntax plays a significant role in shaping the spatial meaning. The study of previous studies shows that many factors have a role in the meaning of educational space but has paid less attention to the form as one of those components. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify components in order to make the educational environment meaningful from the viewpoint of van der Klis and Karsten; the aim of this survey is to study the effectiveness of form in the meaning of schools of Tabriz from Qajar to contemporary period .Regarding the importance and necessity of this research , there are many reasons that due to the civilization of the Iranian - Islamic culture , schools are one of the most prominent cultural places , the place for the growth of the place and the social character and its effect on the physical features and its impact on its meaning and it is necessary for future designs to be more coherent and detailed in future designs with their detailed knowledge of this issue. This article is considered as applied one and it is in the nature of qualitative research. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and field surveys. First, with the help of theoretical foundations - a detailed review of previous studies based on the theory of Van der Klis & Karsten - the position of form as one of the influential components in the meaning of place is determined and after obtaining its indicators, with analytical-comparative technique, Logical case studies will lead to the achievement of research objectives. For a more accurate analysis and better comparative comparison of schools over time; the statistical population is the schools of Tabriz based on Qajar, Pahlavi and contemporary periods. Form as one of the influential components in the meaning of educational place plays an essential role and this is also observed in influencing other components. The form is not only effective in general, but also the details in which it is present. Form not only physically but also non-physically shows its effectiveness in making the educational environment meaningful. This relationship strengthens the factors and creates a different semantic orientation. According to comparative studies of form changes in schools; these changes were examined from different aspects including plan, facade and volume. The results of the research indicate that over time; Contemporary schools have departed from their original meaning compared to traditional schools (Qajar period) and have tended to industrialize; If its effects can be seen in the quality of schools; As a result, some contemporary schools have lost their meaning. Given the nature of this research and the focus on form, it is necessary to examine this issue in other ways in future articles.

The primary goal of this research is pathologic studying of the beginning of architectural education in Iran which is inspired by E’cole des Beaux-Arts System. This research believes that such studying can help to recognize the current situation and programming for promoting architectural education. The main questions of this research are: was applying the defined system inspired by E’cole des Beaux-Arts as a non-native method a right decision? What were the positive and negative effects of this application on architectural education in Iran? The research method is an interpretive-historical approach. The pathological process of the research is based on three main steps:The first step includes the primary recognition of the system, extracting and analyzing the five bases of the system and introducing the main positive and negative aspects of the system in this regard. The five main bases of the system were the educational program, atelier system, professors, judgment method and exhibition. The positive and negative aspects are organized in such categories. The main positive aspects of the system are considering the artistic aspects, adaptability of the education period according to the student ability, the full-time presence in atelier, the interaction of junior and senior students, the vitality of the atelier space, defining a personal zone for every student, the competitive space between ateliers, the professional experiences of the professors, the exclusive method of every professor, the consultative method of judgment, the anonymous judgment of the projects, providing a time for the exhibition of the projects, the possibility of the public criticism of the projects, paying attention to vernacular architecture through periodical traveling and connection to society needs by technical office. The main negative aspects of the system are emphasis on the formal aspects of the projects, the interruption between theoretical and practical courses, over-emphasis on artistic aspects, absence of right of students for changing atelier, induction of completion instead of educating, high impact of the professor’s taste on each atelier’s projects, insufficient supervision on student’s educational process, lack of specific criteria for judgment, non-allocation of enough time to judge projects, disregard for social and cultural context of design, disregarding the analytical and conceptual aspects of indigenous architecture and lack of relationship between educational issues and Iranian culture and issues. The second step is the pathological stage which includes rooting the problems through external, transitional and internal pathology. The final step is the conclusion. The main results of the research show that the inspiration of E’cole des Beaux-Arts System as a non-native program was inevitable according to the global evolutions toward modernism and the need for new buildings and functions. But it was necessary to consider a mechanism to adapt the system with the context situation which was neglected. Besides, regarding the evolution occurred in the system resulting in the current situation, the positive points of the system are weakened and some of the negative points are still trackable. The final results also propose some suggestions regarding revitalizing the strong points and resolution of weaknesses in the current system

The dome is a form that has a great impact on the formation of architectural forms and landscapes in Iranian cities. Architects and researchers have always been concerned with the methods of dome construction, recognizing its types, studying the performance of the instrument, drawing methods, and its execution methods. Among the valuable historical context of Kashan, the Grand Mosque is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the heart of the ages, which unfortunately has been abandoned and except for limited studies, it has not been addressed and its registered documents have serious shortcomings and mistakes. In this article, in addition to a general knowledge of the mosque and a summary of its evolution, its dome has been paid special attention. It is one of the few standing buildings after the devastating earthquakes in the region. In the structure of the dome of the mosque, there are initiatives that cause differences with other similar domes and this shows the need to study and document it. Most of the research that has been done about this mosque has been in the field of archeology and about the altars, decorations and pottery kilns (located in the nave) and so far the architectural aspects and construction techniques have not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to pay attention to the historical background of the mosque and accurate documentation of various elements and decorations used in the dome, the method of construction of each component and structural form of the dome. To achieve this goal, an important part of the research data has been obtained through attending the Kashan Grand Mosque and field survey of the dome, and library and oral resources have been used to control the field findings and know the course of construction and techniques used. Is. The main strategy of this research is descriptive-analytical and interpretive-historical. One of the findings of this article is the accurate identification of the components and how the bricks and poppies are arranged in this dome. The result of the research shows that the form of the dome is in the form of two discrete shells which are made using the technique of whip and chain and moving template, respectively, internal and external dome and the shape of the inner dome arch is hung close to the string curve. Also, the analysis of the decoration of the dome of the house shows that the porch and the altar are decorated with an original and unique example of use and Mogharnas. Due to the artistic skills and decorations of the Timurid era, no complex decorations have been used in this building and most of the surfaces have been decorated in the simplest way, which indicates the haste in the reconstruction and the subsequent decline of the mosque. Comparing the mosque with three domes of the same period and approximately the same area shows that the construction of all four domes has common features and differences that these differences can be seen in the executive details as well as in the decorations.