نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دهم شماره 8 (پیاپی 65، آبان 1400)

The COVID-19 epidemic and its health, social and economic consequences have brought about dramatic changes in the daily lives of families and couples. The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptability components of couples in the corona pandemic crisis. The present study was a qualitative study with a descriptive phenomenological method. The participants of the study were 12 couples from compatible couples in region 1 of Zanjan city in the spring of 2020, which were selected and sampled to the extent of information saturation based on the purposeful method. Data collection was done through semi-structured and in-depth interviews on tape and all content (word for word) was put on paper. Data analysis was performed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. A total of 12 interviews, 362 basic codes, 28 basic concepts, 10 sub-themes, and 4 main themes including "interactive dynamics", "responsiveness", "coherence" and "integrity" were extracted. The results of this study showed that although the coronavirus crisis has affected marital well-being; But it has created positive consequences in the motivation of couples to protect their relationships, and with the increase of these positive components, we will see the flourishing of their interactions.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on self-regulation and emotion control in adolescents with high-risk behaviors. The research method was experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study's statistical population included all-male high school students in the second year of Ardabil city in the academic year 2020-2021. The research sample consisted of 30 members of the statistical population who were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly replaced in two groups (experimental group of 15 people and control group of 15 people). The experimental group received eight 75 -minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy. To collect data in pre-test and post-test, Iranian adolescent’s risk-taking scale (Soleimani Nasab et al., 2018), Emotion Control Scale (Williams et al., 1997), and Bouffard's Self-Regulation Questionnaire (1995) was used. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy had a significant effect on improving self-regulation (P<0.01, F=23.11) and emotion control (P<0.01, F =18.94) in adolescents with high-risk behaviors. According to the results, it can be stated that this treatment can be used as an effective intervention to improve self-regulation and emotion control in adolescents with high-risk behaviors.

In addition to physical fitness, psychological factors can have a great impact on athletic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness, perceived motivational climate, and goal orientation among professional athletes. The research was a descriptive correlational study. The study population consisted of all professional athletes who participated in different sports teams of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. For this purpose, 120 team athletes were selected by convenience manner, and the following scales were given to response: Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (Sheard, Golby & Wersch, 2009), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (Selfriz, Duda & Chi, 1992) and Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure questionnaires (Petherick & Markland, 2008). Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling at a significance level of ≤0.05. The findings indicated that the relationship between mastery climate and ego/task orientation (PS=0/0001) was positive and significant and the relationship between performance climate and task orientation (P=0/043) was significant. Also, ego (P=0/014) and task orientation (P=0/012)  were positively associated with mental toughness. Based on the findings of the present research, sports psychologists and coaches are recommended to create a mastery climate and emphasis on athletes to base their perceptions of success on personal improvement and skill mastery. Also, these findings provide further evidence for the importance of developing goal orientations in the sport setting.

The aim of this study was to investigate the lived experience of Guilan University students from virtual education during the Covid-19 epidemic. The method of the present study was qualitative descriptive phenomenology. Participants were 21 students who were selected through a purposeful sampling method and semi-structured interviews with them continued to the point of theoretical saturation. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The sub-themes obtained revolve around the two main themes of learners' mood (low productivity, lack of motivation, time constraints, experience, learning opportunities, comfort-seeking, psychological security, and stress) and learning context (low teaching quality, lack of variety of educational tools and Lack of face-to-face interaction with students and access). According to the main and sub-themes discovered in the research, it is suggested that the educational administrators of universities put these items on the agenda and provide methods to improve the learning and education of learners by designing methods to eliminate the shortcomings of this method.

The 24-item Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS-24) is a short version of the scale with a similar name, which is utilized to measure depressogenic negative attitudes.  Although this measure was utilized in many countries it has not been validated in Iran. The main aim of the present research was to study the factorial structure and psychometric properties of  DAS-24. The research method is correlational and validation. The sample size consisted of 1416 graduate and postgraduate students from some universities in the cities of Mashhad and Neyshabour in 2017. Students were recruited through convenience sampling. Participants responded to the dysfunctional attitudes scale (Power et al, 1994) and the human flourishing questionnaire (Soleimani et al, 1396). In order to measure the internal consistency of the scale, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was utilized. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the factorial structure. Divergent validity was measured through the correlation between flourish-related factors and dysfunctional attitudes. Findings demonstrated the negative and significant correlations between dysfunctional attitudes and flourish subscales (p<0.01). Internal consistencies of dysfunctional attitudes were acceptable (α>0.6). confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the three-factor model consisted of achievement, self-control and dependency have high levels of the goodness of fit. It can be concluded that DAS-24 is a reliable and valid instrument in the Iranian population.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulty in the relationship between attachment styles and anxiety in individuals during the virus epidemic. The general design of the present study was descriptive-correlation of structural equations. The statistical population of this study was 370 Iranian adults who were easily selected as a sample. Spielberger State Anxiety-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI, 1970), Emotional Regulation Difficulty Scale (DERS, 2004), and Collins and Reed Attachment Scale (RAAS, 1990) was used to assess the variables. structural equation analysis was used to analyze the hypotheses expressing the mediating role. The results showed that avoidant attachment with the size of effects -0.08, 0.10, respectively, has a direct and significant effect on anxiety (sig> 0.05). Anxiety attachment with an effect size of 0.31 also has a significant effect on anxiety due to difficulty in emotion regulation (sig> 0.05). Considering the type of emotional regulation, individuals with anxious attachment styles express more anxiety than those with secure and avoidant attachment styles during crises such as the Coronavirus virus epidemic. Individuals with avoidant attachment perceive more anxiety than secure attachment.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of dysfunctional parenting styles in the relationship between father personality patterns and adolescent girls' alexithymia. The research method is descriptive and correlational (structural equations). The statistical population of the present study was female students of Shahroud schools and their fathers. A total of 244 female students studying in Shahroud schools and their fathers were selected as the available sample group and a questionnaire, six factors of Hexaco personality (HEXACO-60) (Ashton and Lee, 2001), alexithymia (TAS-20) (Toronto, Parker & Taylor, 1979) and parenting style (BPS) (Bamrind, 1972) were distributed among them. Data were analyzed using 24Amos software and the structural equation method. The results indicated a good fit of the research model. The results showed that the direct path of the father's personality style to the authoritarian parenting style of the father (1.18, P = 0.001), the father's personality style to the father's light parenting style (-0.22, P = 0.001), personality style The father was significant on alexithymia (T = 0.61, P = 0.001). Also, the coefficients of the indirect effect of father personality style on alexithymia mediated by authoritarian parenting style (0.40, P = 0.001) and father personality style on alexithymia mediated by father's easy parenting style (-0.06, T = 001 / P = = was significant. As a result, it can be said that the dysfunctional parenting style of the father plays a mediating role in the relationship between the father's personality style and alexithymia in adolescents. Therefore, according to the obtained results, mood dysphoria has two biological and educational aspects and is formed in the family system and to prevent the resulting injuries, interventions can be designed and implemented to improve the parenting style of fathers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the model of girls' body image concern based on obsessive-compulsive disorder, perfectionism, and eating attitudes mediated by basic psychological needs. This research was a correlational study based on structural equation modeling. The study population was all female students in the free universities of Golestan province in 2016-2017. 500 students were selected through cluster sampling for the sample group. Research data through Body Image Concern Questionnaire (BICI) Littleton et al. (2005), Ahvaz Perfectionism (1999), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCI-R) (2002), Eating Attitude (Eat-26) Garner and Garfinkel (1979), and the basic psychological needs of Desi and Ryan (2000) were collected. In order to study the theoretical model of the research, the main variables were entered into Lisrel software (Lisrel 8.71) and through this software, SEM analysis was performed. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and perfectionism have a positive and significant relationship and attitudes to eating have a positive relationship without statistical significance with body image concern. And basic psychological needs have played a weak mediating role. Research variables predict up to 36% of body image concerns (p> 0.01). According to the results of the proposed research model, it has a suitable fit.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive flexibility and successful marriage by considering the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. This study was a descriptive correlational study of structural equations. The statistical population of the study was married men and women in Tehran and 635 volunteers were selected using the available sampling method in the period of summer (2019) to summer (2020). To collect the data of this study, Hudson Successful Marriage Index (IMS) Questionnaire (1992), Garnefski, Critch and Spinhaven (CERQ) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001), Dennis and Vander Wal (CFI) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire(2010) was used. Data were analyzed using a structural equation. The results showed that the independent variable of cognitive flexibility and the dependent variable of successful marriage were related and cognitive emotion regulation has a minor mediating role in this regard (P> 0.001). A successful marriage is also associated with cognitive emotion regulation (P> 0.001). Since cognitive emotion regulation skills are one of the most important individual factors in a successful marriage and family stability. Therefore, the role of teaching cognitive emotion regulation strategies and cognitive flexibility is very important and requires more attention from counselors and stakeholders

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depression, pain acceptance, and psychological flexibility in married people with breast cancer. The present study was a pre and post-test clinical trial with intervention and control groups. The research population consisted of people with breast cancer referred to Ayatollah Yasrebi and Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan in 2018. Using the purposive sampling method 40 ones were selected and randomly divided into experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. The instruments used in this study were Lovibond & Lovibond Depression. Anxiety. Stress scales-21 (DASS-21) and Olson marital satisfaction (Enrich). The results showed that ACT treatment significantly reduced the mean scores of anxiety (F = 31.30, P <0.001) and stress (F =37.06, P <0.001) compared to the control group. The mean scores of marital satisfaction (F= 24.92, P <0.05) significantly increased in comparison with the control group. ACT can be considered as an effective therapeutic approach to reduce anxiety and stress, and increase marital satisfaction in patients with breast cancer.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on experiential avoidance and death anxiety in elderly women. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test post-test design and control group. The population of this study consisted of all elderly women who were residing in Amin Islam nursing home of Mahabad in the winter of 2020. 30 participants entered the research by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into an experimental group (15 people) and a control group (15 people). The experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for eight 90-minutes sessions and the control group was placed on the waiting list for 2 months. Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (Bond et al., 2011) and Death Anxiety scale (Templer, 1970) was administered in order to collect data. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. results showed that by controlling the effect of pre-test, there was a significant difference between the mean of post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in experiential avoidance and death anxiety. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that counselors, psychologists, and psychotherapists use mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as an effective intervention to reduce experiential avoidance and death anxiety in the elderly population.

The aim of this study was to investigate the moderating role of parental emotion regulation in the relationship between marital conflict and child emotion socialization. The study was a correlational one. The statistical population of this study included mothers and fathers with 6 to 10-year-old children in Tehran whose children were studying in primary schools in 1398. From the defined population, 120 couples were selected using the available sampling method and given three questionnaires of adjustment to negative emotions in children (Fabes,  Eisenberg & Bernzweig, 1990), Marital conflicts (Sanaee & Torabi, 1379), And the difficulty in regulating emotion (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) Replied. The collected data were analyzed by using a hierarchical regression method. The results showed that in the coupled model, the moderating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in relation to marital conflicts and socializing excitement of children act differently in parents. For fathers, the role in response to child emotions was significant and difficulty of emotion regulation was effective in their supportive and non-supportive responses and also played a moderating role in relation to conflicts between parents and their socialization of emotion (P<0/05).In return, for mothers, the moderating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in the relation between marital conflicts and socialization of emotion was not significant, but the adjustment of the mother's own emotion to the number of supportive responses was effective (P<0/05). Generally, the results of the study explain that emotion regulation skills in parents experiencing marital conflict have different effects and it deals with other factors affecting parent-child interaction in the other words father's lack of access to appropriate emotion regulation strategies causes unsupportive responses of the father and difficulty in emotion regulation in mothers to have less effect on the parent-child relationship and their motherhood.

One of the common problems between couples is the dysfunctional communication patterns, it can cause conflicts between couples, and since negative thoughts and beliefs are the main cause of these problems so the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of meta-cognitive interpersonal therapy on improving dysfunctional communication patterns couples and increase of marital adjustment. This is a pre-test/post-test based on a quasi-experimental study with control and experimental groups.  The statistical population of this research includes all the couples of Isfahan city in years 2019 who referred to the Consultation Center of Moj in Isfahan for decreasing of marital problems.  Among them, 16 couples were selected by the available sampling method. They were randomly placed into two groups experimental (8 couples) and control (8 couples). Communication Patterns Questionnaire )Christensen & Sulloway 1984) and Dyadic Marital Adjustment Scale (Spanier 1979) as an instrument applied in pre-test and post-test.  The experimental group received 8 sessions of 120 minutes of training related to Meta-Cognitive Interpersonal Therapy. Covariance Analysis was used for analyzing data in SPSS23 software. The results showed that meta-cognitive interpersonal therapy resulted in improvement of communication patterns and an increase in marital adjustment.  Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested to use interpersonal metacognitive therapy to improve communication patterns and increase marital adjustment.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of solution-oriented treatment education on academic excitement and academic vitality of students with low academic achievement. The research method was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female high school students in Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021, from which 40 students with low academic achievement were selected using cluster random sampling method and randomly in the experimental group (20 people) and Controls (20 people) were replaced and answered the questionnaire of educational excitement of Pekran et al. (2005) and the academic vitality of Dehghani-Zadeh and Hossein-Chari (2012). Participants in the experimental group received 10 sessions of the Grant-Based Solution Therapy Program (2011). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings showed that the research hypothesis on the effectiveness of solution-based therapy training on academic excitement and academic vitality of students with low academic achievement has been confirmed and students with low academic achievement in the experimental group compared to students with low academic achievement. The control group had significantly more positive academic emotions and academic vitality and less negative academic emotions in the post-test(P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that solution-oriented treatment education is effective in increasing positive academic excitement and academic vitality and reducing the negative academic excitement of students with low academic achievement.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of online transdiagnostic group therapy on depression and anxiety and love trauma syndromes on university students with adjustment disorder due to romantic breakup. Due to the incidence of corona disease, the statistical population included all students with romantic breakup across the country in 2020 in the age group of 18 to 38 years which was done online through advertisements in the channels of reputable universities and after filling in the initial self-made form by the researcher to meet the conditions entry and exit to the study were selected by purposive sampling. After the diagnostic interview and conducting relevant questionnaires of a group were selected and divided into two groups: 15 people in the experimental group (transdiagnostic group), and 15 people in the control group. This treatment was performed in  90-minute 10 group sessions for the experimental group. Subjects completed the love trauma (Rosse, 1999); Beck Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), and Beck Anxiety (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988) inventories in three stages: pretest, post-test, and 1-month follow-up. Data analysis using variate analysis with repeated measures showed a significant level (P<0/05)  between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the relevant variables, but no significant difference was observed between the two interventions. The results of the study indicate the effectiveness of online transdiagnostic therapy in reducing the symptoms of Romantic Breakup.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of alexithymia, rumination, and self-criticism in predicting self-harming behaviors in industrial drug users. This research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was all industrial drug users referring to Transient Harm Reduction Centers (DIC) in District 12 of Tehran in the second half of 1399, from which 90 people were selected by convenience sampling. Research instruments included a self-harm questionnaire (Sansone et al., 1998), an Alexithymic scale (Bagby et al., 1994), a rumination questionnaire (Ghorbani et al., 2008), and a self-critical questionnaire (Gilbert et al., 2004). Pearson correlation and simultaneous linear regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that alexithymia, rumination, and self-criticism had a positive and significant relationship with self-harm behaviors (P <0.05). Regression results also showed that alexithymia, rumination, and self-criticism were able to predict 0.45 self-harm behaviors in industrial drug users (P <0.05). Given that self-harming behavior in drug users is affected by alexithymia, rumination, and self-criticism, holding training workshops based on these concepts in this group of people seems necessary.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Compassion-Focused therapy and Logotherapy on Death Anxiety in Females with Breast Cancer. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all females with breast cancer who were referred to Arad hospital and had a medical record in spring 2020.  Among them, 45 females were selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in a control group (waiting for treatment) and two experimental groups (15 people in each group). The subjects of the first and second experimental groups received Compassion-Focused therapy (during 8 sessions) and Logotherapy (during 8 sessions), respectively. the control group (waiting for treatment) did not receive any intervention. For data collection, the Interpersonal Death Anxiety DAS (Templer, 1970) was used. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and LSD in SPSS21. The results showed that Compassion-Focused therapy significantly decreased Death Anxiety (F=96.55, p=0.002). Also, Logotherapy significantly decreased Death Anxiety (F=108.85, p=0.0005). The results also showed that Logotherapy has a greater effect on Death Anxiety (F = 65.91 and p <0.05) than Compassion-Focused therapy. According to the results of the present study, Logotherapy can be used to decrease Death Anxiety more effectively than Compassion-Focused therapy in females with Breast Cancer.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between identity styles and adolescent self-harming behaviors. The present study is considered as fundamental research in terms of aim and correlational in terms of research method. A total number of 247 adolescents aged 14-16 years old were selected among high school students in Karaj who were studying in public schools in the academic year of 2020-2021. They were evaluated using Identity Style Inventory (ISI) (Berzonsky, 1989), self-compassion scale (SCS) (Neff, 2003), and Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS) (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009) online and through virtual networks. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous and hierarchical regression by Baron and Kenny (1986) and SPSS-25 software. Results revealed a negative relationship between normative identity, informational identity, with self-harming behaviors and a significant positive relationship between normative identity, informational identity, and self-compassion (P<0.01). the significant negative relationship between diffuse-avoidant identity, and self-harming behaviors and positive relationship with self-compassion (P <0.01), and significant negative relationship between self-harming behaviors and self-compassion (P <0.01), and it was also found that self-compassion mediates the relationship between identity styles (diffuse-avoidant, normative, and informational identity) and self-harming behaviors. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that identity and compassion styles as one of the factors enhancing mental health reduce self-harming behaviors in adolescents. Thus, targeting important variables such as identity styles and self-compassion can be helpful in preventing and reducing adolescents' self-harming behaviors.

The aim of this study was to predict parental burnout during corona quarantine based on parental perfectionism and positive and negative effects of parents of primary school children. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of 300 people (124 fathers and 176 mothers) were taken from all parents and their children who were in quarantine during the year 1399 in Bandar Abbas. Accessible were selected. To collect data, the parental burnout questionnaire during the coronary quarantine(PBA) of Rozkam et al(2018), the multidimensional parental perfectionism questionnaire (MPPQ)of Snell and Orby (2005), the positive and negative affect test (PANAS) of Watson and Telgen (1988) were used. Social network (WhatsApp and Telegram) was provided to parents. Research data were analyzed through multiple regression. The findings showed that parental perfectionism and negative effect can positively predict parental burnout during coronary quarantine and positive effects negatively predict parental burnout during coronary quarantine. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that parental perfectionism and positive and negative effects can predict parental burnout during coronary quarantine in parents of primary school children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the concept of death and death awareness from the perspective of young men and the consequences of death awareness in their lives. The research was conducted using a qualitative method and data analysis was coded by the Colaizzi method. The samples included 11 men aged 20 to 35 years living in areas 2, 13, 16, and 18 of Tehran province in 1398 who were selected through purposive sampling. Data and information were collected using semi-structured interviews. Research findings were classified into two main sections. Part One: Findings related to the concept of death and death awareness which are: 1- End of life 2- The transfer 3- Observing the result of the actions 4- The world is not a target 5- Emotions and excitement 6- Benefits of death 7- The necessity and usefulness of the death awareness. Part two: Findings related to the consequences of the death awareness in life include: 1- Commitment to religious practices 2- Physical and behavioral self-care 3- Energy and activity 4- Effective in emotional action 5- Relationships with others 6- Better life 7- Personal growth and development 8- Effective in one's goals and behavior. The role of death in life is very important and people's views and attitudes toward death affect their way of life and can overshadow their way of life. Thinking about death and death awareness has more effects on different aspects of human life and can change a person's goals and behaviors in various personal, family, educational and professional fields.