نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دهم شماره 9 (پیاپی 66، آذر 1400)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between daily spiritual experiences, positive and negative effects, and students' life orientation through path analysis. The statistical population consisted of undergraduate students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. A total of 205 students (94 girls and 111 boys) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and completed the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES; Underwood & Teresi, 2002); Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988), and life orientation Test (LOT; Scheier et al., 1994). Data were analyzed by path analysis. The results showed that God’s presence through positive and negative effects has an indirect and significant relationship with life orientation (p<0.01). The indirect relationship between a relationship with God and caring for others with life orientation mediated by negative effects was also significant (p<0.01). The path model also had a good fit. Daily spiritual experiences seem to be related to the students' life orientation through positive and negative effects.

The aim of this study was to qualitatively analyze the factors affecting Covid-19 stress using foundation data theory. The sample of the present study was 30 people students of the Islamic Azad University in the electronic semester in the second semester of the 2019-2020 academic year and a semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Data were collected from 19.08.2020 to 20.10.2020 and the data analysis approach was based on the data theory of the foundation (grounded theory) based on the method of Strauss and Corbin (1990). Findings showed that factors such as the risk of infection (48.03%), fear of strangers (24.13%), continuous monitoring (15.31%), economic consequences (6.50%), and symptoms of traumatic stress (6.03%) During the mentioned period, the most important factors in causing stress were the Covid-19. According to research findings; Based on the frequency and percentage observed, among the 5 factors mentioned, the most important factor causing stress compared to Covid-19 is primarily the risk of infection; Secondly, the fear of strangers, then constant surveillance is known, and the epidemic of Covid-19 can seriously role various aspects of people's lives. Therefore, providing good advice to families can have an important role in improving this crisis.

Mindfulness has recently been considered by many mental health professionals as a predictor trait of mental and physical health and many therapeutic methods seek to increase clients' mindfulness in order to achieve health. However, there is no difference between the effectiveness of static psychotherapy and mindfulness-focused approaches. Also, mindfulness-based therapeutic methods usually perform mindful interventions the traditional way in a static manner, which leads to the repression of emotions, and these methods are not compatible with the dynamism and pace of the modern world and the dynamics of the postmodern human mind. Movement, dynamic psychotherapeutic interventions, exciting games, and challenges have been designed into sensorimotor mindful interventions. In the present study, sensorimotor mindful interventions were designed and formulated through a bio-psycho-social approach, using a mixed-method and the data obtained from 20 (including 10 men and 10 women) of the clients of the psychology clinic. In the quantitative study, the effectiveness of the designed interventions on integrative self-knowledge was measured for a sample of 30 people (including 19 men and 11 women). In this paper, the literature in the field of psychotherapy that confirms the theoretical basis of sensorimotor mindful interventions was reviewed under the discussion and conclusion section. The results of this study showed that sensorimotor mindful interventions are in line with the most up-to-date studies in the field of health and psychotherapy and these interventions incorporate a wide range of therapeutic methods. The quantitative study also showed that sensorimotor mindful interventions increase integrative self-knowledge (p < 0.05). With regard to the fact that integrative self-knowledge is one of the most important emotional self-regulation processes and a predictor of health and a sign of becoming conscious of the unconscious, the results of this study showed that sensorimotor mindful interventions lead to derepression, reconstruction of real scenes of each individual’s life, and compassionate confrontation with mental and physical reality without verbal barriers. Also, empowering the mind and body using a variety of games and challenges which bring broad personality traits to consciousness in each individual leads the person to self-actualization and talent development.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of positive meta-emotion and Machiavellianism in predicting distress of marital relationships in married people in Rasht. The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The whole couples of Rasht city in the summer of 2019 were constituted the statistical population of this study. Two hundred people from this statistical population were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling and participated in this study. The instruments of Marital Taxon Self-Report Measure of Whisman and et al (MTSRM) (2009), Meta-Emotion Scale of Mitmansgruber and et al (MES) and short version of dark triad personality traits) SDTPM( of Jonason & Webster were used for gathering data. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis by spss23 software. The results showed that positive meta-emotion has a negative relationship with the distress of marital relationships and Machiavellianism has a positive and significant relationship with the distress of marital relationships. Also, total positive meta-emotion and Machiavellianism explain 60.8% of the variance in distress of marital relationships. The results of this study show that the lack of awareness of couples about their personality and emotional characteristics can be a risk factor for marital distress, so holding workshops for couples can reduce the severity of marital distress.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments on resilience in adolescent girls with non-suicidal self-harm. This research is a quasi-experimental type and a post-test pre-test design with an experimental and control group. The statistical population included all female students with non-suicidal self-harm in the secondary schools of Bonab city in the academic year of 2019-20. For this purpose, after administering Gratz's (2001) intentional self-harm questionnaire (DSHI), and Connor-Davidson's (2003) resilience scale (CD-RISC) 30 students with a history of self-harming behaviors and low resilience were selected with a Purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups. (Experiment and Control). The experimental group was exposed to 10 sessions of narrative therapy based on the White and Epston (1990) program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. After the intervention and one month later, a post-test was performed for both groups. Due to the nature of the research, the data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings showed that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments had a significant and positive effect on increasing resilience (p <0.01). According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments, is a suitable intervention method to increase resilience in girls with self-harm without suicidal ideation.

The aim of this study was to compare irrational beliefs and anxiety disorder (self-morbidity) in women with and without systemic lupus erythematosus. This was a descriptive causal-comparative study. The statistical population of the study included all female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Kermanshah in 2018. By random sampling method, 50 women with lupus and 50 non-lupus were selected. Research tools include; Jones Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire (IBT) and Evans Self-Pathology Questionnaire (EHQ). To analyze the research data, the statistical method of multivariate analysis of variance was used using SPSS 22 software. The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between women with and without lupus erythematosus and in how irrational beliefs and symptoms of anxiety disorder and having the disease (P <0.001). Therefore, it can be said that anxiety disorder and having irrational beliefs are considered risk factors in the exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus in women.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of anger rumination in the relationship between self-esteem and aggression with controlling the role of narcissism. 285 students selected from the University of Kharazmi, University of Isfahan, and the University of Shahreza were by convenience sampling method. the participants answered the self-esteem questionnaire (Rosenberg, 1965), narcissism questionnaire (Ames et al, 2006), anger rumination questionnaire (Sukhodolski et al, 2001), and the aggression scale (Buss & Perry, 1992). after controlling the narcissistic variable and eliminating unanswered cases, 194 (64% girls and 36% boys) remained. In the present correlation study, in order to test the structural relationships in the hypothetical model of relative mediation of anger rumination in the relationship between self-esteem and aggression, the statistical method of structural equation modeling was used. The results showed that the hypothesized model had a good fit with the data. In addition, the results showed that in the hypothesized model, all regression weights were statistically significant. In this model, 47% of the variance of aggression scores was explained by latent variables of rumination, anger, and self-esteem. results of the present study show that if the role of narcissism is controlled, self-esteem can reduce aggression, and in this regard, anger rumination can play a mediating role. The findings of the present study can be used to manage anger rumination and reduce aggression.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soldiers' suicidal ideation model based on the meaning of life, emotion regulation, and social support with its role of self-compassion mediation. The present study was a descriptive and correlational study using path analysis The statistical population of the study was all the duty personnel of the units of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Tehran in Tehran, which were surveyed by the available sampling method of 320 of them. To collect data from the beck suicide scale ideation   (Beck, 1979), the meaning of life (Stiger and Oishi, 2006), emotion regulation (Gross and John, 2003) and social support (Zimmet, 1988), self-compassion (Nef, 2003 path-analysis was used to analyze the data, which confirms the hypothetical model of the research, so the meaning of life, reassessment component, social support negatively predicted suicidal ideation in soldiers (p <0.05). Self-sufficiency had a mediating role in this prediction (p <0.05). The results of this study showed that soldiers with meaning in life, efficient emotion regulation, social support, and self-compassion are less prone to suicide.

In the past, addiction was known only by drug addictions, Currently, its definition has become much broader. Gambling, compulsive buying, video game addiction, problematic internet use, and even extreme work or sports can be classified as addictions. The existing criteria for experts in diagnosing different types of behavioral addictions are highly controversial, and this has made it difficult to define behavioral addictions. To define behavioral addictions more accurately, it is necessary to define the boundaries of behavioral addictions with other psychological disorders such as impulse control disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Also, the similarities and differences between behavioral addictions and drug addictions have received much attention. Some experts consider both of these addictions to be of the same group, and some distinguish between them. Also, paying too much attention to behavioral addictions can blur the line between daily behaviors and this type of addiction. Finally, some experts believe that we should pay attention to the personality traits of people involved in these addictions and each type of addiction separately, and uniting all people and all types of behavioral addictions would be a mistake.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, communication), academic hope, and academic identity with academic procrastination in 10th-grade high school male students in theoretical disciplines. The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study was all 10th-grade male high school students in Saqez. 197 students entered the study by cluster-step sampling. Data collection tools were Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaires) Deci and Ryan, 2000), Academic Hope (Samani and Sohrabi, 2011), Academic Identity (Was and Isaacson, 2008), and Academic Procrastination (Savari 2011). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. Findings showed that procrastination has a negative and significant relationship with basic psychological needs r = -/295, academic hope r = -/473, (p <0.10), successful identity r = -/154 (p <0.50 ). Also, competency, academic hope, and successful academic identity could predict 15.7%, 22.3%, and 6.6% of academic procrastination, respectively. The results show that paying attention to the situation of basic psychological needs, academic hope, and students 'academic identity and measuring them can reduce students' academic procrastination.

The aim of current research has been the Investigation Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of Short Version of  Thought–Shape Fusion (TSF) Scale in College Students. In this correlation study, 204 female students of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz were selected by cluster sampling method and completed the Short Version of Thought–Shape Fusion Scale(TSF) (Coelho et al, 2013), Body Shape Questionnaire C8 (BSQ-8C) (Welch et al, 2012) and Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI)  (Littleton et al, 2005). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to determine the validity. To determine the reliability, three methods of Cronbach's alpha, Guttman coefficient, and Spearman-Brown spilling were used. The results showed that this scale has a four-factor structure that explains 62.77% of the variance. Confirmatory validity was confirmed (RMSEA=0.07). Convergent validity with Body Shape Questionnaire C8 0.68 and body image concern Inventory 0.40 and also reliability by method and also reliability by Cronbach Alpha=0/91, Spearman-Brown splitting Alpha=0/94 and Guttmanspiliting Alpha = 0/94 were calculated The findings of the present study show that the Persian version of the short form of thought-shape fusion for study in the student population has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool for psychological research and clinical studies.

The aim of this study was to predict the psychological well-being of mothers of children with special learning disabilities based on their perfectionism and life hope in Bonab. The present study was a correlational study. The statistical population of the present study consisted of mothers of children with special learning disabilities and the research sample consisted of 80 mothers who were selected by convenience sampling. Snyder's Hope Questionnaire (SHQ), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), and Reef Psychological Well-Being Scale (RPWBS) were used to collect data. For data analysis, correlation coefficient significance test and stepwise regression analysis were used. The results indicate that life hope has a direct and significant relationship with psychological well-being and self-centered perfectionism, has a significant inverse relationship with psychological well-being (P<0.01). The results of linear regression analysis also showed that self-centered perfectionism and life hope are 44% of the variance related to psychological well-being. The findings of the present study can pave the way for further research on the role of personality and psychological structures on the psychological well-being of mothers of children with special needs in the future.

The aim of this study was to study the effectiveness of teaching choice theory on the basic needs satisfaction and level of violence among high school girls in Hamadan.The research method was-experiment in the form of a pre-test, post-test design. The study participants in this study are all female students of the second grade of high school in Hamadan, who was studying in the academic year 1396-97. The model includes 30  female students of the first and second grades of high school who were nominated by a random multi-cluster sampling method. Finally, by simple random sampling method, they were allocated into experiment and control groups. For data gathering, the Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) and 70-item Glasser Basic Needs Questionnaire were used. To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance test with SPSS_25 software was used. The results show that the teaching choice theory is effective in reducing physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hate, and absence of satisfaction of the need for existence, power, love, fun, freedom of students (p <0.05).In this study, the highest effectiveness is the satisfaction of the absence of need for freedom and the least effectiveness is the satisfaction of the absence of need for love and belonging. Thus, it can be concluded that teaching choice theory to female students can be a useful and effective method to reduce the scopes of aggression and the lack of satisfaction with their needs. This data can be used in the direction of treatment arrangement and scientific interventions to decrease aggression in female high school students.

In order to identify the underlying values ​​of choosing a spouse, this study has studied the experience of individuals on the verge of marriage. The present research has been done with a qualitative approach and with the grounded theory method. Participants in this study included 21 couples on the verge of marriage in Karaj who was selected by the purposeful selection method based on the principle of saturation. The data collection method in this study was a semi-structured interview with open and standardized questions and the data were analyzed and classified according to the approach of Strauss and Corbin's underlying theory. The findings showed the values ​​of the participants in choosing a spouse in 5 central categories: "criteria, expectations, goals, responsibility, and meaning". The central category of "criteria" has 6 dimensions: "moral virtues, personality and behavioral characteristics, emotional relationships, fit and similarity, physical attractiveness and the way of acquaintance", the central category of "expectations" has 3 dimensions of "being together, having a good family and issues" "Sex", the central category of "goals" has 5 dimensions: "Marriage needs, marriage concerns, peace and security, completion and change and formation of the family", the central category of "responsibility" with 1 dimension of "cooperation for material and spiritual independence" and the category " Meaning is dimensionless. The result of this research was the discovery of a core category called "love of the content of life" which explains the 5 central categories of values ​​in order to choose the right and conscious choice of a spouse.

The purpose of this study was to the prediction emotional divorce based on cognitive flexibility and meaning of life mediated by work-life balance. The research method was descriptive correlation and path analysis. The statistical population was all married women who were referred to the health centers of the first and the 7th districts of Tehran during the last three months (March, April, and May of 2018); among these, 290 people were selected using the available sampling method. The data were collected by Gottmanns Emotional Divorce Scale (GEDS), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and Work-Life Balance (WLB) questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with descriptive and preparative statistical methods (ie, frequency, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation) and path analysis using SPSS-24 and Amos-24 software. The results showed that the proposed model has a good fit with the data with one correction and remove no significant path of the meaning of life to work-life balance (p<0.05); and cognitive flexibility, the meaning of life and work-life balance have a negative and significant relationship with the emotional divorce of married women (p<0.01). The direct paths of cognitive flexibility, the meaning of life, and balance of work-life to emotional divorce and the direct path of cognitive flexibility to work-life balance were significant (p< 0.01); but the direct path of life meaning to work-life balance was not significant (p>0.05). Also, the indirect paths of cognitive flexibility and meaning of life to the emotional divorce of married women were significant with mediation work-life balance (p<0.01).

The aim of this study was to Predication of couple's affective intimacy on based early maladaptive schema, emotional dysregulation, and self-compassion. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included all married women in District 3 of Tehran, from which 350 people were selected by convenience sampling.  Data were collected using the Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire (MINQ) Bagarozi (2001), Schema Questionnaire Short form (YSQSF)  Young (1994),  difficulties of emotion regulation scale (DERS) Gratz and Roemer (2004), and Self-compassion questionnaire (SCQ) Neff (2003) and were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficients and Multiple regression analysis and SPSS-20. The results showed that there are negative and significant relationships between emotional dysregulation, schematic domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy, impaired limits, other-directness and over vigilance/ inhibition with affective intimacy, and a positive and significant relationship between self-compassion and affective intimacy. (P<0/05). Also, 41.2% of the variance of affective intimacy was predicted by the variables of disconnection and rejection, self-compassion, over vigilance/ inhibition, emotion dysregulation, and impaired autonomy (P <0.05). According to the research results, it can be concluded that early maladaptive schema, emotional dysregulation, and self-compassion play a role in women's effective intimacy.

The aim of this research was to study of comparison of Schema Mode therapy and Emotional-focused therapy (HmT) on styles of conflict resolution in new married couples with conflict. In regard to the purpose, this research was applicable and in regard to procedure, it was a quasi-experimental study with a multi-group pre-test-post-test design with control and follow-up group. The statistical population included couples with marital conflict who had been married for less than 6 years and had been referred to counseling centers in Astara in 1398. 30 couples were selected by convenience sampling method and assigned randomly into control and experimental groups. The instrument was Rahim's (1983) Conflict Resolution Styles Questionnaire, and after performing the interventions in codified protocols, multivariate analysis of variance was used with repeated measures to analyze data. Findings Showed schema mode therapy consistently increases Compromising and Integrating styles (P<0.01), and reduces Avoiding and Obligating conflict resolution styles (P<0.01), and Emotional-focused therapy (HMT) consistently increases Integrating (P<0.01) and reduces Avoiding conflict resolution styles(P<0.05),And the difference between the effects of both approaches on conflict resolution styles of conflicting couples was not statistically. Therefore, schema mode therapy and Emotional-focused therapy is effective on couples' conflict resolution styles and can be used by counselors and psychologists.

The purpose of this study was to the comparison of the effectiveness of semantic cognitive reconstruction therapy and self-encouragement therapy on chronic fatigue in people with psychosomatic skin. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included people with psychosomatic skin who were referred to Bank Meli hospital and had a medical record in fall 2020.  Among them, 45 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in a control group (waiting for treatment)  and two experimental groups (15 people in each group). The subjects of the first and second experimental groups received semantic cognitive reconstruction therapy (during 12 sessions) and self-encouragement therapy (during 10 sessions), respectively. the control group (waiting for treatment)  did not receive any intervention. For data collection, the Interpersonal chronic fatigue CFS (Chalder, 1993) was used. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and LSD. The results showed that semantic cognitive reconstruction therapy significantly decreased chronic fatigue (F=89.47, p=0.0004). Also, self-encouragement therapy significantly decreased chronic fatigue (F=66.12, p=0.0009). The results also showed that self-encouragement therapy has a greater effect on chronic fatigue (F = 66.12 and p <0.05) than semantic cognitive reconstruction therapy. According to the results of the present study, self-encouragement therapy can be used to decrease chronic fatigue more effectively than semantic cognitive reconstruction therapy in people with psychosomatic skin.

Currently, one of the main priorities in psychology is to conceptualize the ways in which culture affects psychopathology. The aim of this study was to investigate a suicide in Iranian society and is a systematic review. The results of this study were based on articles published between 2003 and 2016, during a search in databases such as SID, Noormags, Springer, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and using the keywords suicide in Iran, the method and causes of suicide among Iranian subcultures. Finally, 25 articles were analyzed. The findings showed that, contrary to global statistics, suicide attempts are higher among Iranian men. Also, the prevalence, methods, and causes of suicide in Iranian subcultures are different. In general, it can be said that limited studies have been done on culture and psychopathology in our country. Given that understanding the cultural context is essential for effective evaluation, diagnosis, and clinical management of the disorders, it is hoped that this article can highlight the role of culture in psychopathology and provide a basis for comprehensive studies.

From the perspective of critical psychology, the concepts of science have a historical-social aspect. Psychology is generally considered to be the result of a process of knowledge accumulation. But critical psychology, as an interdisciplinary science in the humanities, considers psychological concepts to be historical and consistent with certain socio-historical contexts. "Guidance and counseling" has been the focus of many researchers over the past half-century. The purpose of this study was to examine these concepts from the perspective of critical historiography. In this form of historiography, the phenomenon under study is examined from the perspective of "discontinuity". The findings of this study showed that Iranian psychology has shifted from the "discourse of guidance" to the "discourse of counseling" over the past half-century. The first discourse was formed and dominated from the 1940s to the 1970s, and the second from the 1970s to the present. As a result, the "discourse of guidance to specific jobs" was replaced by the "discourse of counseling, skills training, and self-direction". Finally, while summarizing the findings, the relationship between these two discourses and the changes in the political economy of the 1970s was discussed.