فصلنامه علوم زیستی ورزشی
پیاپی 50 (پاییز 1400)

The assessment of Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) is a crucial tool for primary prediction of atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of 8-week high intensity interval training on intima-media thickness of central and peripheral arteries in overweight men. Present research was quasi-experimental design. Subjects were 18 overweight men (mean BMI 27.9 ± 4.2 Kg/m2). Follow participant election, maximum oxygen consumption test was performed and they were randomly divided into two HIIT (n=12) and control (n=6) groups. Body composition (were evaluate by bio-impedance system), carotid and femoral intima-media thicknesses (FIMT) (were evaluate by ultrasonic system and B-Mode method), and VO2peak assessments were performed in pre- and post-test occasions. All data analysis were done by Two way ANOVA at p<0.05. Body fat percent of subjects were significantly decreased in HIIT group (p=0.041). Also, FIMT were significantly decreased in people with IMT less than 0.9 mm (p=0.026). The study illustrated that IMT of central and peripheral arteries subsequent of 8 weeks HIIT were decreased in overweight men. Also, it is probable that HIIT has an ability to decrease IMT only in overweight men with IMT less than 0.9 mm.

Considering the impact of HMB supplement on sport performance, the tendency to consume it in order to achieve more efficiency has increased. Accordingly, the present study investigates the impact of a 6-day consumption of HMB-FA supplement on factors that influence hypertrophy and recovery in inactive men. 20 inactive men with a body mass index of 21.5±1 kg/m2 and age of 25.1±4 years were classified into the following two groups: sport with placebo and sport with supplement. The subjects started to consume HMB-FA supplement 6 days before resistance exercises. The muscle biopsy samples were taken from the subjects immediately before and 10 minutes after resistance exercise. Similarly, blood samples were taken immediately before and after as well as 48 after the exercise. The Results of independent t-test indicated that there is a significant increase (p =0.001) between serum levels of testosterone before and immediately after exercise in sport with placebo group in comparison with sport with supplement group. In addition, there is a significant increase (p =0.001) in P70S6K values and a significant decrease (p =0.001) in serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) between sport with supplement group and sport with placebo. Therefore, acute consumption of HMB supplement before resistance exercise can increase P70S6K values as the index of hypertrophy. By the same token, it decreases CK and LDH as the indices of muscle damage

Improper regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is associated with dysregulation of metabolism and can lead to metabolic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training on gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1 and protein expression of CYP1A1 in soleus muscle of male diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: diabetes (D), control (Ct), and exercise + diabetes (ED) group. The diabetic model was induced in rats by STZ injection. The ED group performed an aerobic training protocol five times a week for eight weeks. After the end of the protocol, rat soleus muscle was extracted, and gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1 RT-PCR and protein expression of CYP1A1 were measured using ELIZA. RNA was calculated using the formula 2^(-ΔΔCT)and then the data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed a significant difference between groups in the gene expression of Drp1 (P0.001) and Cyp1a1 (P=0.017), protein expression of CYP1A1 (P=0.028), and glucose (P0.001). Diabetes increases the gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1 and the protein expression of CYP1A1 in skeletal muscle. However, exercise could only reduce gene expression of Drp1 (P=0.013). Diabetes leads to increased glucose, gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1, and protein expression of CYP1A1 in skeletal muscle. But the exercise could prevent only increase of gene expression of Drp1.However, exercise could only reduce Drp1 expression (P=0.013). Diabetes leads to increased glucose, gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1, and protein expression of CYP1A1 in skeletal muscle.

One of the simplest and safest ways to treat diabetes is exercise regularly and Consumption of herbal medicines that have few side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training with aloe vera supplementation on some selected adipokines in type 2 diabetic men. In this quasi-experimental study, 44 men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 25-40 years) were randomly divided into four groups (n=11) of control, aloe vera, exercise and exercise- aloe vera groups. High-intensity interval training were performed 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks. Subjects received an aloe vera capsule containing 100 mg of aloe vera gel powder in the morning immediately after waking up and one capsule after dinner. Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were obtained before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, t-test and Tukey post hoc test at P<0.05. The results showed that 12 weeks of HIIT and HIIT with aloe vera supplementation significantly reduced cathepsin S, K, L levels in type 2 diabetic men (P=0.001). Also, aloe vera supplementation reduced the levels of cathepsin S, K, L, which was not statistically significant (P <0.05). It seems that 12 weeks of HIIT and HIIT with aloe vera supplementation will improve adipokines in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoga and leech therapy on the management of migraine patients. In this quasi-experimental study, 21 female patients (age: 36±3.2 years) with migraine were randomly divided into three groups of yoga, leech therapy and control in equal numbers (n =7). The severity of headache was assessed by a questionnaire (VAS) and the duration of headache was checked by a checklist at pre-test, post-test and follow-up periods. Patients in the yoga group performed yoga exercises for 12 weeks (60 sessions, 5 days a week, each session 60 minutes). In the leech treatment group, two leeches were used every week for 12 weeks Used in the back of the posterior auricular muscle. The control group followed their usual medication. For statistical analysis, repeated measurement and ANOVA tests were performed at a significance level of P≥0.05. Intragroup results showed that 12 weeks of yoga and leech therapy separately significantly reduced the severity and duration in the groups (P≥0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the three groups in pain intensity (P = 0.09) and pain duration (P = 0.12). It seems that the interventions showed significant clinical improvement in all three groups. The results of this study showed that leech therapy and yoga therapy have the same benefits as drug therapy in reducing the severity and duration of pain in women with migraine headaches. Therefore, yoga and leech therapy exercises can be effective as an adjunct therapy in migraine patients.

Follistatin is a key protein in the regulation of muscles (heart and Skeletal) hypertrophy that type 1 diabetes can lead to dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and endurance on blood glucose and Follistatin protein content in the left ventricular tissue of the heart of male rats with type 1 diabetes. In this study, 18 head 2 Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 300±20 g were selected. After becoming type 1 diabetic through streptozotocin solution, they were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) HIIT training 2) endurance training and 3) control (6 heads per group). Exercise groups exercised 4 days a week for 6 weeks according to HIIT and endurance training programs. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Six weeks of HIIT and endurance training resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose levels (p=0.0001) and a significant increase in Follistatin protein content (p=0.0001) compared to the control group. HIIT and endurance training lowered blood glucose levels, indicating that these two types of training could be appropriate and non-invasive treatment for control diabetes. Also, endurance training and HIIT training increased the intracellular content of Follistatin protein, which can be useful for physiological hypertrophy and reduction of cardiac pathological complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of synchronization of music with physical activity on immunoglobulin A, oxygen consumption and respiratory rate. For this purpose, 18 male students of physical education (mean age 22.6 ± 2.39 years, weight 78.44 ± 13.82 kg, body mass index 22.36 ± 3.68 kg / m2 and height ± 1.75 ± 0.08 m) were selected and evaluated in three separate sessions.During the first session, the maximum power output of the subjects was measured using an incremental test on the cycle ergometer. The subjects were present in the laboratory during the second and third sessions and cycled on the cycle ergometer for 20 minutes at an intensity of 60% of the maximum power output. The order of sessions with and without music was randomly reversed among the subjects. One session was performed with music and the other without music. Simultaneously with pedaling, oxygen consumption and respiratory rate of the subjects were measured. At the end of the second and third sessions, saliva samples were collected to measure immunoglobulin A. Analysis of oxygen consumption and immunoglobulin A using correlated t-test showed that there is no significant difference between music conditions and without music (Significance level p≤0.05). Comparison of respiratory rate post-tests showed that there is a significant difference between music and non-music conditions (p = 0.01). Overall, the results show that despite changes in respiratory rate, the synchronization of music with physical activity could not affect the level of oxygen consumption and immunoglobulin A.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of circular resistance training on serum peptin levels and insulin resistance index in men with type 2 diabetes. The present study is quasi-experimental. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 20 men with type 2 diabetes with mean and standard deviation of age 39.1 3 3.25 years, height 173.8 85 4.85 cm weight 80 ± 12.89 kg which were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people. Experimental and control were divided. Experiments in the experimental group performed 8 weeks of circular resistance training three sessions per week with an intensity of 50 to 80% of a maximum repetition. Before and after 8 weeks of exercise, serum levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin were measured. Correlated t-test and independent t-test were used to examine intragroup changes. Intragroup changes showed that 8 weeks of circular resistance training significantly reduced levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin (P = 0.0001) compared to the diabetic control group. Also, in the comparison between groups, circular resistance training caused a significant decrease in levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose (P = 0.0001) and insulin (P = 0.001) compared to the diabetic control group. The findings of this study showed that circular resistance training reduces levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin in people with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it seems that this type of exercise can be useful for type 2 diabetics.