نشریه کاوش نامه زبان و ادبیات فارسی
پیاپی 49 (تابستان 1400)

In epic narratives, there are signs of mythology and mythological patterns. Some characters, narratives, places, and other elements may be rooted in mythology. One of the characters who has been talked about much of his mythological or non-mythological and narrative related to him is Rostam. The narratives and stories that Rostam presents in the epic of Iran includes some other heroes like the birth of Rostam, bringing the king from an alien land or his way of death. In these narratives, similar to Rostam's narrations, there are some pieces of material that are more or less authentic than Rostam's stories. In this article, several of these narratives have been investigated and shown. Other stories follow Rostam's stories from the older or primary mythological material, and in the narratives of Rostam it is neither visible nor visible, or the color is lost or a newer form And more logical. Therefore, other narratives are more or less original than Rostam's narratives, and narratives related to Rostam are probably newer in narratives or because of his conversion to the first epic of the National Epic, based on other narratives.

Study of the style of structure of the noun phrases and their evolutionIn the poems of Nasrallah MardanyOne of the important topics to be considered in stylistics and grammar is the recognition of the noun phrase. In order to understand the poets' personal style, along with other factors, the structure and style of the noun phrase used in their poetry must be well evaluated As Nasrollah Mardani is one of the few poets in the composition of images among the poets of the revolution, the importance of research in this topic becomes apparent. This article has been compiled in a descriptive way and statistical analysis. In order to examine the structure of the noun phrase of poems of Mardani , all noun phrase were Countinged and reviewed in three sections, pentamerous ,quadripartite, and triplex, and their number and variety are shown in the relevant tables. The findings of the study show that Mardani have used actual and potential Persian language abilities to construct noun phrase.His views have gradually changed over time and, as a result, the number of the noun phrase has declined in his later poems. Bringing the adjective at the beginning of the noun phrase with the extra fraction, making the noun phrase without the noun, use the Enlightening, Unlike the rule and Creating phonetic proportions are the most important Mardani anomalies in the construction of the noun phrase.

Goshayesh and Rahayesh is a prose work by NaserKhosrow Ghobadiani, with the subject is written on Ismailia. The author who promotes philosophical thoughts and has used controversy, takes advantage of its potential and its elements to promote it. In the Book of Goshayesh and Rahayesh he expresses his ideas and ideas by choosing appropriate linguistic constructions. This study investigates the ascetic properties of this book in relation to Ideological elements and deals with the influence of linguistic and literary structures on transference. The dominant ideology of the text indicates that the present research question is: How did the linguistic structure of Goshayesh and Rahayesh reflect the author's ideology? Which Syntactic elements were of interest to the author? And according to the language of the book what literary devices taken? What literary arrays has NaserKhosrow used to express her ideological concepts? The results of this article indicate that ideology is explicitly reflected in its Goshayesh and Rahayesh.The use of rational and narrative arguments as well as philosophical and theological codes shows the dominance of ideological ideas in the text. At the syntactic level, the aspects of verbs, grammatical sounds and accent elements provide a clear picture of the ideological burden of the text to the audience.The range of ideological ideas at the rhetorical level has also limited theological diversity to arrays that have considerable capacity to describe the author's attitude and worldview.Therefore, those rhetorical industries that cause ambiguity and multifaceted of the text are not seen in its Goshayesh and Rahayesh.

The Confusion in the Topic of Allegory in Academic Rhetorical Textbooks and the Study of its Causes and FactorsBy: Parhizi Abdolkhalegh Assistant Professor, Payam e Noor UniversityA look at the topic of allegory in the academic rhetorical textbooks through which several generations of literature graduates of our country have learned rhetoric shows that this topic in these books is fraught with confusion and inconsistency. In order to study this issue and find its causes and factors, we have first studied the evolution of this rhetorical topic in traditional rhetorical texts and then, based on the results, we have reviewed the contents of contemporary rhetoric books. The results show that the main reason for confusion and inaccuracy of the contents of contemporary rhetorical books is the lack of knowledge of their authors about the classical texts of Islamic rhetoric or their superficial and incorrect understanding of these texts. Some of this confusion and inaccuracy is also due to the problems and dilemmas that exist in the classical texts themselves. One of them is disagreement between Abdul Qahir and Sakaki and Khatib Qazvini on the issue of whether the pseudo- aspect in the simile of allegory is rational and credit or sensory and real. Another is confusion and ambiguity of the definition given by Khatib Qazvini for compound Figure, through which many contemporary authors in particular have been misled and have reached incorrect conclusions. Our research method in this article is descriptive- analytical.

If our view of culture and society is linguistically oriented, monologues and dialogues are two linguistic approaches to authoritarianism and pluralism. In Monologue, one is a speaker and the other is a listener that to be silent. This may be a wedding party; a classroom; a political consultation; a trade union and a social guild. In general, society is based on the monotheism.Earthly love forms part of our cultural identity and social norm and is widely reflected in literature. Relative study of the lover reveals the hidden angles of society. Especially celebrity lovers whose behavior turns into a collective pattern and anomalies become the norm.This article seeks to illustrate the origins of the "cute and needy" category, tries to identify the causes of love based on monologue and despotism and to examine it as part of the cultural-historical whole of this society.despotism and to examine it as part of the cultural-historical whole of this society.

The review and analytical critique of the works of the writers of the second generation of Iranian contemporary story writing with the new means and methods of writing clarify some of the abilities or drawbacks of story writing technique of a writer apart from the discovery of some of the hidden aspects of these works. In this research, all of Rasoul Parvizi's stories have been criticized and analyzed in detail based on eight important elements of story writing. Methodologically, the present study is a library one with an analytical-descriptive approach and through constant presence. The results of this research demonstrate that Parvizi seldom uses the new styles of story writing and using them in some cases is due to the nature of his writing and unconsciousness rather than his contemplation and previous thought. In contrast, using comic language, the full recognition of the characters in a single geography and intimacy in narration compensate for the lack of new styles in attracting audiences.

Complaint, is one of the lyrical species.in which the poet complains about the painful events of life that make a person miserable examining complaints can acquaint the audience with the personal circumstances of the speakers and the socio-political situation of their time. In Nima yoshij,s pome, which is really a full-length mirror of the life of his time, all kinds of complaints are expressed the authors of this research, which is done by descriptive-analytical method, examine social, political, personal, and philosophical grievances. In Nima’s Persian poems there is no doubt that mystical complaints cannot be plotted in his poems and among other species of complaints, social and political grievances regarding the symbolic language of Nima and his social commitment is even more dramatic. Nima's grievances in the first poems are more personal, but gradually, his grievances take on a social color. Dictatorship and autocracy of nima's age makes him to criticize incapable and incompetent rulers. In addition, ignorance of people brought him a lot of pain. Also Nima, in his lyrics, strongly complains about the consequences of World War and poverty and illness of the people, the deviation of political currents and their abuse of the lower masses and also the landlord-servant system.

Dialogue is one of the most important means of conveying content in a literary work that has long been the focus of writers and poets. Sayed Ashraf al-Din Gilani, also known as Nasim-e-Shomal, who was recognized as one of the most popular poets of Iran's constitutional age, has also used this element in various ways. The present article is a study of his poetry from the perspective of how, to what extent, and for what purpose the poet has employed the element of dialogue. The results show three types of dialogue in his poetry: multidisciplinary dialogues in three of his poems in the form of narrative, oration, and theatrical dialogues, two-way dialogues in six poems in the form of debates and ordinary dialogues, and one-way dialogues in 190 poems, which were employed in the form of vocative exclamatory sentences, imperative sentences, and interrogative sentences. In this study, first the term dialogue and its types were introduced, then the aforesaid discussions and their subdivisions have been analyzed with examples, and the themes used in them are also explained and evaluated.