فصلنامه فرهنگی - تربیتی زنان و خانواده
سال شانزدهم شماره 55 (تابستان 1400)

Resilience is one of the most important property that helps families past the problems and crisis with satisfaction and wellbeing. The aim of this research was to explore the elements of family resilience pattern in Iranian families based upon their experiences. Qualitative method was used to conduct the study and data were collected by using purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews. The sample of this study was 10 resilient families and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD_RISC) was applied for sampling. The data were analyzed by using grounded theory method (Strauss and Corbin approach). Findings indicated that among resilient families, adaptation with realities of existence was the core category of the study. The causal condition of the study was belief system, and communicational and adaptive strategies were the main strategies of pattern. The context of model was history of family, family culture, and accessibility to social support resources. By review of five specialists, validation of the pattern was investigated. According to the findings, resilient families have efficient beliefs that is consistent with realities, and create supportive family space in which problem solving and adaptation with challenges occurs.

Conciliation or mediation has many advantages over other dispute resolution methods. The United Nations has sought to increase the credibility and promote the status of mediation by ratification of the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (Singapore Convention). In article 1 (2) of the Convention, the family disputes are excluded from its scope. According to the adhesion of Iran to the Convention, the approach of Iranian law and Imamiah Jurisprudence should be analyzed. This article concludes that the Singapore Convention's approach towards this types of settlement agreements is justifiable because family matters in different countries are subject to various and different rules and enforceability of the international family settlement agreements by countries is hard to be accepted. Iranian law attitude toward the international settlement agreements in family disputes is defensible but lack of support of the internal settlement agreements, despite the Emphasis of Imamiah Jurisprudence, is not acceptable.

Marital infidelity, which has become a common phenomenon for family therapists today, is a shocking issue for couples. The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviors of traitorous men and its consequences in September 2016. In this study, the phenomenological method was used to gain live experiences of women who have experienced infidelity. Purposeful sampling was continued up to the data saturation level (30 people). The main method of data collection was in-depth and unstructured interviews with open-ended questions, allowing participants to fully describe their experiences with the phenomenon under study. Out of the total number of interviews, 26 interviews were of good quality for data analysis. Continuous comparison method was used to analyze the data. The findings show that unfaithful men exhibit two types of behavior, one of which is destructive, such as pessimism, the threat of divorce, violence, and stubbornness. But other behaviors are aimed at improving the relationship, such as expressing regret and paying attention and expressing interest. When the family is in turmoil due to infidelity, continuing destructive behaviors such as not meeting emotional needs, male neglect, communication problems, lack of empathy and companionship and not spending time with the family can lead to emotional divorce and the family to push the side of complete collapse. But continuing corrective behaviors in the long run, provided the betrayal is not repeated, may help resolve the crisis caused by the betrayal.

The aim of this study was to investigate the communication patterns of Conflicting women. The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The research population consisted of available conflicting women in Tehran in 1399 and the population was equal to the target sample. According to the inclusion criteria, conflicting women were selected and sampling was continued until data saturation. A total of 15 women were studied through semi-structured interviews and the findings were analyzed by the Colaizzi’s method. The main themes in the present study include the two main themes of "maladaptive communication patterns" including the sub-themes of "negative physical exchanges", "negative verbal exchanges", "negative emotional exchanges", "difficulty in expressing emotions", "adverse reaction to a spouse's mistake". "Lack of attention to the feedback process", "Inefficient marital relations", "Inefficient response to problems", "Difficulty in expressing demands", "Ineffective dialogue", "Non-cooperation", and "coexistence" and the main theme of "adaptive communication patterns" The sub-themes included "optimal response to error", "effective nonverbal communication", "effective response to problems", "ease of expression" and "effective dialogue". Findings indicated that the manifestation of marital conflict in various aspects of the lives of women with conflict such as problem-solving patterns, expressing demands, methods, and subjects of conversation, and division of their duties. On the other hand, some participants were able to maintain a positive pattern in areas such as non-verbal communication and expression of demands.

Eating in childhood is important for optimal growth and is affected by several components. The behavioral characteristics of the mother and the personality traits of the child are among the influential components. The main purpose of this study was to develop the modelling child eating behavior based on maternal eating behaviors, mindful feeding with mediating role of child’s temperament. The participants of this study were 180 mothers with their children (87 female and 93 male) in Urmia and Tabriz in 2020. Mothers completed the Children's Eating Behavior Inventory, Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Mindful Feeding Questionnaire and Malhotra Temperament Schedule.  The results of Pearson coefficient and path analysis with SPSS and Amos revealed that there is significant relationship between maternal eating behaviors, mindful feeding, and child’s temperament with child eating behavior, the model of maternal eating behaviors, and mindful feeding with mediating role of child’s temperament and child eating behavior is significant. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA = 0.07) was optimal. This model determines that mother and child components affected child eating behavior and these elements should be taken into consideration in dealing with the causes and treating child eating problems.

One of the social institutions affected by the Corona crisis in the world was the family. With this crisis and the need for home quarantine, families experienced new conditions. On the one hand, family members had the opportunity to spend more time together, and on the other hand, they faced challenges and tensions. This study was conducted with a qualitative and methodological-phenomenological approach, and the sample group consisted of 41 young people from Sistan and Baluchestan who were selected by purposive method. Data were then collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed by Colaizzi method. The main themes were four main themes: changing patterns of family communication, escalation of conflict and domestic violence, anxiety disorders, and economic vulnerability of families during the corona. Families in the Corona epidemic faced a decrease in communication actions due to home quarantine and reduced family interactions and rituals, and on the other hand, the growth of virtual communication between families as well as an increase in communication actions between members. In addition, with the increase in the presence of all members in the home at the beginning of the epidemic, conflicts in families have become more pronounced and all kinds of domestic violence have spread among members. Coronary heart disease with all threats to public health and physical health of families It has also been associated with the development of anxiety disorders. In addition, with the economic crisis caused by the corona, families have faced living problems as well as occupational injuries. This research was conducted at the beginning of the corona epidemic, and providing a comprehensive analysis of the family and corona will require research at different time intervals.

Psychological safety is derived from the perception of the extent of environmental risks and threats and expresses the feeling that a person in an environment can comment carefree and not be afraid of being blamed. The purpose of this study is to present a model of women's psychological safety focusing on causes and consequences in the top universities in the northeast of the country using an interpretive approach and qualitative method. The strategy of this research is Grounded theory based on the systematic design of Strauss and Corbin. The participants were faculty women in the top universities in the northeast of the country, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 female faculty members who experienced the phenomenon of psychological safety in the environment and had at least 10 years of work experience in terms of work experience and continued until data saturation. The results of qualitative data analysis identified 219 free codes, 73 categories and 30 themes. In the axial coding stage, the link between the themes was established and then, selective coding was done. In this study, the findings showed that the central phenomenon consists of verbal safety, behavioral safety, emotional safety and perceptual safety. Causal conditions include bureaucratic structures, masculine structures, discriminatory structures, negative organizational climate, personality-attitudinal factors, unsupported leadership style, ineffective communication, and work-life imbalances. Strategies also include active (participatory), empowerment, defense, cognitive, and cultural strategies. Outcomes also include attachment to the job and organization, organizational learning, growth of individual and professional performance, strengthening social capital, organizational trust, organizational justice, and psychological well-being. The contexts in this study include educational, legal and cultural contexts and the interventionist conditions consist of the organization's brand identity, demographic characteristics and economic factors. This model helps universities and other organizations to identify ways to achieve psychological safety in employees and provide the conditions for its creation. The results also encourage managers to strive for the realization and development of psychological safety in the organization.