نشریه پژوهش های راهبردی بودجه و مالیه
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1400)

The firms employ the accounting information comparability between firm peers, will determine board compensation through performance evaluation. Thus, current study is aimed to explore the important role of accounting comparability in board compensation. In line with this, using a panel fractional regression model and mixed data, we examined the data to explore the impact of accounting information comparability on compensation policies, with regard to 117 firms for the period 2009 to 2018 (1170 firm - years) from TSE. The results show that, there is a positive and significantly relationship between accounting information comparability (annual return and cash flow from operations proxies) and board compensation. Thus, it was concluded that higher accounting information comparability level leads more than board compensation. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of board compensation policies theories and the new fractional regression model calls for more inquiry with regard to three accounting comparability proxies. The present study was an attempt to develop the literature related to the factors affecting managers' rewards by using three criteria to calculate comparability and fractional pattern.

This study examines the effect of systematic liquidity risk in stock returns using the adjusted capital asset pricing model with liquidity generated by Acharya and Pederson (2005) on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of this study is all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The present study, using a combination of data model (data panel) for a period of time from April 2011 to the end of March 2018 with the formation of investment portfolios consisting of shares of 70 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, as an example, has been studied on a monthly basis. Findings showed that in addition to sharing in liquidity (β2), other liquidity risks, such as joint movement between stock earnings and market liquidity and joint movement between stock liquidity and market earnings, play an important role in asset pricing. We examined the effects of liquidity risk on earnings by dividing our samples into boom and bust markets. The results suggested that the systematic liquidity risk is more important in stock pricing in stagnant markets.  The final results of this study support the importance of the impact of systematic liquidity risk on expected stock returns, especially during market downturns.

The phenomenon of regional inequality and its occurrence in recent decades has prompted policymakers and economic planners to define more appropriate responsibilities for governments to reduce inequality. Therefore, calculating inequalities and identifying the factors affecting regional income inequality and adopting effective policies by planners to improve the balance between regions is extremely important. Therefore, in this study, using the fully modified least squares econometric method, the model of provincial income inequality during the period (2005-2008) of the provinces of Iran has been estimated. The results show that in the long run, inequality in the allocation of funds for provincial current expenditures, appropriations for the acquisition of provincial capital assets, and finally the allocation of funds for the entire provincial budget, intensifies inequality in the distribution of income of provinces. Increasing economic prosperity in the country also reduces inequality between regions, Although increasing inflation enhances this inequality. Therefore, in addition to economic prosperity and controlling inflation economic policy makers should reduce the existing inequality in the allocation of budget funds between the provinces in order to reduce the income inequality gap between the provinces of Iran

Governmental budgeting has undergone various ways in the course of its historical evolution, proportional to the role of governments in the administration of community affairs. The budget definition has been upgraded and completed in line with changing the role of governments in the social and economic affairs of society. In order to achieve a desirable financial and reporting system, the budgeting system needs to be investigated in order to be effective and effective. Obviously, the implementation of an appropriate budgeting system effectively and efficiently requires an appropriate monitoring and audit system; this is more important in public audit and oversight in the public sector, since this audit is mainly carried out in the form of accountability audit. And in this audit, many of the supervisory practices and techniques are predefined, so it is essential to change the way the budgeting, audit, and oversight are changed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of budgeting methods and auditing methods in the public sector. The statistical population of this research is comprised of state-owned companies based in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Required data were collected through a questionnaire. Were approved and analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The results indicated a significant relationship between the use of budgeting methods and auditing methods in the public sector.

Maintaining the military capability and improving its efficiency is a necessary matter in the Islamic system which requires the provision of necessary resources and facilities and proper management and the budget plays an important role in this regard. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the most important factors affecting the approval of the budget in a military system.This research is an applied research in terms of results and collection method with a survey (Delphi) research and data type, it is a mixed method and in terms of the time period, it is a cross-section. In this research, interview and questionnaire tools have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the study consists of three major groups (1) experts in the field of planning and programming who are familiar with the budgeting process, and (2) managers and experts of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, and (3) managers and experts involved budgeting in the Planning and Budget Organization .Based on the research model, the factors affecting budget approval have been identified in two categories of environmental (external) factors and non-environmental (internal) factors. The results show that non-environmental factors (internal) have more priority than environmental factors (external) over the budget approved by a military institution.

According to agency theory, when managers have good information about the existence of profitable investment opportunities, they may not pursue it, and this is important because of the ethical risk problems that result from owning the company's cash by management, myopia, and Choosing the wrong plan, as well as the lack of available funds due to foreign financing and facilities received, is costly. Conservatism reduces the problems of incorrect selection and improves the company's investment policies by facilitating access to foreign funds and reducing the cost of these funds. The conservative oversight role helps the board and other corporate governance components, such as institutional ownership, to avoid value-destroying strategies such as the empire of managers. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is the effect of qualitative characteristics of financial reporting on the efficiency of investment and facilities received, looking at companies with low investment and information asymmetry. The statistical population of the present study includes all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2014 to 2019. The sample size based on the available statistical population includes 95 companies. Research evidence suggests that among the qualitative features of financial reporting, in low-investment companies, accounting conservatism has a positive and significant effect on investment efficiency. Also, in companies with information inequality, accounting conservatism has no significant effect on investment efficiency and information asymmetry does not affect the relationship between accounting conservatism and investment efficiency, which information inequality, low investment problems Intensifies. Another result of the research is that in low-investment companies, the quality characteristics of financial reporting do not have a significant effect on the facilities received.