فصلنامه تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 55، پاییز 1400)

Development, in a new purport, requires its own special culture; in a way that it arises from within a particular culture and the same is its backer and supporter. Based on this statement, any state that pursues one of the forms of this development, it must inevitably also provide its cultural context otherwise; development turns into its antithesis. But development-oriented cultural transformation is sometimes accompanied by the omission of some of the pre-existing cultural variables. Cultural anthropology - a study of culture in general meaning – is in the process to recognize, on the one hand, the plurality of cultures by accepting the principle of cultural relativism, and the other hand, consider cultural necessities of development based on a new wave of development and requirement with a value-based approach. With a new branch of anthropology called developmental anthropology, this study with the help of the logic of the lower natives, tries to challenge the developmental elites and make them aware of the consequences of their hasty decisions. In other words, this article intends to analyze the challenge of cultural anthropology and propose some solutions. Today, anthropology seeks to bridge multiple realities of the human world on the one hand, and preserve cultural pluralism as a source of cultural creativity on the other.

Auditory perception is one of the most important human senses, which is intertwined with the feeling of one’s presence in lived life. The analytical properties of sound not only are present in sound physics but also extend to its virtual metaphors. Photographs as a historical document as well as a place of consensus on visual perception and other human senses can provide auditory indexes and virtual symbolic representations of sound in their context.  Therefore, in the present paper, the socio-cultural history of senses is used as a method of researching auditory perception in the context of photographs in order to interpret and analyze the implicit layers of sound.  The importance of the work is reflected in the fact that urban photographs are considered as documents that can "sensory record" human subjects in urban communities, hence; the beholder-interpreter can use the power of hearing as one of the five senses in understanding the photo within the process of perception and interpretation. Here the question is, how can the auditory perception in a photograph analysis, which has a necessary relationship with visual perception, provide historical information about its text?  We hypothesize those urban photographs since they record people's daily lives and information except their visual form and structure, as implicit data that can be analyzed and understood through an auditory-historical understanding of the photographic document. The result shows that the auditory perception when interferes with visual power in photographic documents, creates a wealth of conscious cultural information such as nostalgia, memories, and recollections in its particular beholder. In addition, by tracking auditory indexes as recorded on photographs, the historical, social, and human contexts as well as quality of life and daily life interactions of a demographic category can be studied.

Color in its essence is not only color but a symbol of language, message, significance, art, power, resistance, and politics. In other words, color is a visual, communicative, and perceptual element that can stimulate or alleviate people's emotions and inner self, and change and direct their speeches and behavior. In the teachings of religions as well as intellectual and political discourses, color has been used as a symbol or distinguishing factor, and hence, different and conflicting representations and readings of color and its linguistic and transcendental meanings have been presented. Among these abundant implications, the current paper through an analytical approach and using library resources focuses itself on the political implication of color, and taking into account the relations of color and politics as a hypothesis seeks to prove or disapprove the same with the notion that: Every colorlessness, when comes into contact with a symbolic or real color, becomes a political matter (with an essence of praise or antagonism). This article has two hidden goals: First, to cross the line of traditional definitions of politics and political matter, and design politics as an art, and vice versa (theoretical goal), and second, to acquaint political activists with a different language of politics, which can play a role both as the language of power and the language of resistance in our society today (practical goal).

The economic actors` behavior could not be understood in isolation, without considering the influence of cultural factors. Although there has been less attention paid to the role of culture in economic activism, it is of strategic importance, especially among the youth because culture can affect their behavior valuation, behavior purpose, and behavior standard. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to investigate the cultural perception of money among the young generation. Analysis is based on a subtype of qualitative method content analysis of the interviews. The study population includes young economic activists aged between 18 and 32 years. The targeted sampling is based on criteria and non-homogeneous method, reaching the theoretical saturation point with 12 subjects. Data are collected using semi-structured interviews. The credibility of the collected data is confirmed by credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability indexes, as well as by in depth description, reference to interviewees, and two encoders. The findings show that money is culturally perceived as an end, an indicator of social conflict, an alternative to happiness, and a benchmark for social credibility among the young generation; on the other hand, these perceptions could be attributed to priority of money function over money usage, educational conflict, the dominance of thrift, overview of values and money-based identity, will power, the social trap of money, and the ambiguity within monetary authorities. In general, findings show that ambiguity and contradiction in young people's understanding has caused the perception of money to be changed compared to the past, enriching its function.

Conducted as a phenomenological qualitative research, the present study aims to explore the lived experiences of university professors and students with online classes during the Covid-19 pandemic. The statistical population consists of all the professors and students of the University of Kurdistan who either had taught/taken online classes before the coronavirus outbreak or experienced them for the first time during the pandemic. The theoretical saturation was reached after interviewing 31 students and professors. The findings suggest that, as opposed to traditional education, online classes led to the decline and loss of various academic opportunities, functions, and roles. According to most of the students surveyed, in the absence of physical classes, interaction and dialog among and between both sides (student–student, student–professor, and professor–professor) diminished dramatically. And, they were rather replaced by a form of mechanical, one-dimensional transfer of knowledge from a “transmitter” to a “receiver,” negatively affecting the learning, creativity, productivity, and skills of students. According to the professors, the rise in online classes in Iran has changed their role from “keepers of information” to, at best, “protectors of knowledge.” Most of the professors also believed that another unwanted outcome of the spread of online education had been the loss of interaction and dialog among the university’s faculty members.

Apathy is a passive activity in which individuals avoid active engagement and altruism while lacking interest in or concern about social problems. This paper aims to analyze social apathy in Ilam province and find its causes and consequences. The study was conducted by a qualitative method according to the grounded theory approach and using purposive sampling strategies (theoretical sampling). The required data were collected through interviews with 28 participants. Data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin coding paradigm in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. As the results showed, ignorance of citizens’ role, political structure, rising expectations, selfish individualism, the decline in collective loyalty, social trade-offs, socioeconomic inequalities, and the accumulation of poverty and misery were the causal factors. Besides, the contextual factors included social loafing, non-assertiveness, economization of culture, legal gap, failure of the training system, the chaos of tradition, nepotism, low-performance civil organizations, and isolationism. Finally, government inefficiency, collective hysteria, and media malfunction were intervening factors. As the findings of the study show, ‘social disorganization’ was the main core of the research, which results from causal, contextual, and intervening factors.