Chemical Methodologies
Volume:6 Issue: 3, Mar 2022

According to previous chemistry researches, Nrf2 is an essential leucine zipper protein that can regulate the expression of antioxidant proteins and protect against oxidative damage caused by inflammation or injury. Nrf2 effectively activates gene products, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species and electrophiles; therefore, it can prevent the progression of many chronic diseases or delay them. It is also effective in regulating several metabolic genes (purine nucleoside biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and increasing mitochondrial function and fatty acid metabolism). The balance between oxidation and antioxidants in the body is called oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which are endogenous antioxidants, cannot counteract the oxidative regulation of lipids, proteins, DNA, and cellular structures in oxidative stress. During diabetes, Nrf2 expression decreases, thus accelerating and intensifying the oxidative stress process. It can also be suggested that the decreased Nrf2 expression and increased oxidative stress in kidney tissue can affect the number of proteins involved in apoptosis, such as Bax and BCL2 affect and accelerate the process of apoptosis in kidney cells.pacificus bacteria as a new species that can bioremediation.

These days, the increased global warming due to the adverse effects of greenhouse gases is one of the most significant issues. One of the most common energy efficiency structures is the combination of wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. Increasing the use of renewable energy may results in economic growth, job creation, increased national security, protection of consumers against rising prices, a shortfall in the global fuel market, and a significant reduction in pollutants that cause global warming and greenhouse effects. Therefore, the problem facing electricity market policymakers is how to bring renewable energy into the electricity market to play its role well in the future market. The mentioned properties of renewable energies have caused them to be used on a large scale today. Wind energy, and solar energy are the most available energies among renewable energies. However, one of their problems is their dependence on environmental and climatic conditions. Combining two energy sources can overcome the weakness of each of them. Today, the combined power generation system has become one of the most promising solutions to meet the electricity needs of different regions. One of the most basic needs in a hybrid system is to ensure the continuity of nutrition by storing additional energy from renewable energy sources. A combined energy system based on alternative technologies that work in parallel with renewable sources can be a suitable solution for small productions.

In this work, 2,6-bis(((1-decyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl)methoxy)methyl)pyridine was prepared by click reactions between 2,6-bis((prop-2-yn-1-yloxy) methyl) pyridine and 1-azidodecane catalyzed by cuprous ion, then used as ligand in complexation reaction with some metal ions [Cu(II), Pt(IV) , and Au(III)]. The prepared ligand chelates N2O2 with copper (II) and Gold (III), as well as N3O2 with Platinum (IV). Characterized by [Flame-AAS, C.H.N. analysis, 1H-13C-NMR, Mass Spectroscopy, UV/Vis, FT-IR, conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility] were used to describe these compounds in the solid-state. The L-Cu and L-Au complexes have square planer geometry, while the L-Pt complex has octahedral geometry. The biological behaviors as antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) and antifungal (against candida albicaus) of the prepared ligand with its complexes were tested in different concentrations (10, 50, 200) ppm after incubation at 37ºC for 24h.The results showed that the performance of the prepared compounds was better in resisting and inhibiting the growth of tested bacteria and fungi at high concentrations and that the gold complex was more synergetic effective than others.

In the present study, the structure and operation of solid oxide fuel cells and types of ammonia-water adsorption cycles were evaluated. When the fuel cell temperature is 1100 K, the fuel cell current density is 1.17   and the steam to carbon ratio enters the system is 2, the electrical efficiency of the combined system (HHV) is %50. Using the Aspen Plus optimizer software, we optimized the hybrid system with 500 kW power generation. By performing the optimization, the required investment cost for the hybrid system was obtained on average $1800. Also, the appropriate range of current density and voltage were found to be 0.35 - 0.6    and 0.72 – 0.8 V, respectively. Therefore, based on the calculations and optimization, our cycle has an average cost of 1800 $/kW. The point to be noted is that the cost per capita is 6000 kW. According to economic principles if the amount of power generation increases, the amount of cost per unit of power generation will decrease. A hybrid heating system (gas turbine + steam turbine) with a production capacity of 140 MW ​​has an average cost 1100$/kW. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the cost of the cycle per unit of production capacity by increasing the scale of the desired cycle in the industrial units to be competitive with conventional thermal power plants. Of course, do not forget that the efficiency of our desired cycle is higher than the efficiency of conventional thermal power plants.

Due to the disadvantages of synthetic antioxidants, natural antioxidants have attracted more attention in recent years. Plants are a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds among the most important natural antioxidants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize the extraction of flavonoids, total phenols, antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds from Ganoderma (G) lucidum by ultrasonic pretreatment. To do so, independent variables including type of solvent (ethyl acetate, 50% ethanol, and 50% ethyl acetate), extraction time (6, 9, and 12 min), and ultrasonic power (150, 200, and 250 W) as well as Box-Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) were used. The results showed that the simultaneously optimized conditions for obtaining the maximum flavonoid content (14.3348 mg/g) and total phenolic content (24.6648 mg/g) and the lowest IC50 (2.3987 mg/mL) with 100% desirability included ultrasonic power of 250 W, ultrasonic time of 12 min and ethanol solvent. The highest mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MTC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of G. lucidum extract obtained by ultrasonic pretreatment were 2500 and 5000 μg/ml, respectively, against Clostridium perfringens. Optimal treatment using ultrasonic pretreatment had superior antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the largest diameter of non-growth halo (zone of inhibition) (14.33 mm) compared to E. coli and C. perfringens. Therefore, ultrasound is a valuable method for extracting bioactive compounds of G. lucidum. The extracted natural antioxidants can be incorporated into the food formulations to replace synthetic antioxidants.

A simple, quick, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was proposed to determine famotidine (FAMT) in its pure form and pharmaceutical preparation (tablet). The method involves the reaction of FAMT with alizarin red S to produce a stable, water-soluble red complex with the maximum absorption signal at 528 nm, Beer's law is followed for standard FAMT solutions in the range of 6.0-80 µg/mL with a negative deviation at concentrations higher than 80 µg/mL. The method is sensitive. The molar absorptivity and Sandell᾽s sensitivity index values are 3.3 × 10 4 l/mol.cm and 0.0109 µg /cm2 respectively. Two approaches were applied to determine the amount of FAMT in its pharmaceutical formulation (famosam tablets), the one depending on a regression equation and the second on the standard addition method. The results were obtained with sufficient precision and accuracy, with negligible effects from excipient interference.

In this research study, Raman spectroscopy was utilized as a principal tool to assess the vibrational dynamics of carbon nanostructures (carbon allotropes) and develop a structural description. This work was concerned with carbon allotropes due to their various applications in many fields. Raman spectroscopy as a practical characterization technique of carbon allotropes was investigated. Also, the spectral analysis of FT-IR was presented too. Raman spectral analysis demonstrated the basic bands, including Radial breathing mode (RBM), G, D, and 2D-bands, which are affected due to structural differences of the carbon allotropes. This yields information about the crystal structure and its interesting physical properties.

Electrochemical sensing of amaranth was performed by a voltammetric strategy in an aqueous solution. The paste electrode (PE) was modified with 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium bromide (MBIB) and Pt-CNTs nanocomposite and the MBIB/Pt-CNTs/PE was successfully used as a monitoring tool for sensing of amaranth. The MBIB/Pt-CNTs/PE accelerated the electron transfer in redox reaction of amaranth and improved its oxidation signal by about 4.82 fold. The MBIB/Pt-CNTs/PE measured this azo dye with a detection limit of 1.0 nM. In the final step, MBIB/Pt-CNTs/PE was employed for monitoring of amaranth drinking with an acceptable recovery data.

Nanocatalyst materials can achieve a synergistic effect through complementarity components, which are essential for improving electrode performance. In this research, a novel anode electrode (G-ZSM-5/Fe/Ni) was made by modifying the surface of a simple graphite rod electrode with a ZSM-5/Fe/Ni nanocatalyst to increase the efficiency of microbial fuel cells. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (Sqw) analysis showed a 27.95% increase in the current efficiency of this electrode compared to the simple graphite electrode. Electrode modifications with conductive and nanostructured ZSM-5/Fe/Ni were recognized as an efficient approach to improve the interaction between electrode surface and bacteria and electrical conductivity for boosting the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Moreover, to optimize the influencing process parameters, three variables of temperature, retention time, and stirring rate were each investigated through the surface response method (RSM) with essential responses such as current output (I) and percentage of chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency, after which the best conditions were provided. In the proposed model, the temperature of 28 °C, the retention time of 37 h, and the stirring rate of 50 rpm were determined as optimal conditions, in which the maximum current production and the percentage of chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency were 1099 mA and 40.53%, respectively. Therefore, this synthesized nanocatalyst is a promising candidate as a biocompatible anode material in MFC.