فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 87 (پاییز 1400)

The issue of hypocrisy and the ways of dealing with it have been considered in the Holy Quran as well as the historical sources and the comparative study of aforementioned historical reports can elucidate their concealed dimensions. This research is to discover the similarities, differences, as well as the disagreements between the historical reports in Holy Quran and the selected historical sources in terms of their content and method from the Prophethood of Mohammad (PBUH) to Badr Battle in Mecca and Medina. In this regard, it takes advantage of descriptive - analytical method to achieve its aim. In spite of the similarities between the reports in Holy Quran and the selected historical sources, focus on the behavior of hypocrites and multilayered methods in dealing with them is mostly observed in the Holy Quran. In terms of content, it has considered the issues such as the role of God in the historical events as well as the historical traditions such as affliction and consigning to punishment and in terms of method, it has considered the issues such as the introduction of intellectual trend of hypocrisy as well as its general properties and this very method makes the Qur’anic verses be deemed as beyond time

Saqifah is considered as the most significant incidents of history of Islam after the departure of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and it is of particular position in the historical sources; moreover, too many scientific researches were done pertaining to its diverse dimensions. To investigate this trend, more accuracy and reflection toward the early historians’ reports is required. Balazori’s (279 A.H) in Ansaab ol - Ashraf, has endeavored to extensively gather the works of earlier scholars of hadith and narrators and to record the incident of Saqifah. The present research has studied Balazori’s reports on Saqifah via the content analysis and it is to break the cliché formats in the historical reports to achieve the main facts or the knowledge developed the thought of historian and reflected in his writings. The findings of this research indicate that Balazori’s has written the incident of Saqifah with more clarification compared with his contemporary historians such as Ibn e- Hashem (213 or 218), Mohammad ibn e- Sa’d (230), and Yaqubi (284) and he has investigated this event with more general approach. Although he was Sunnite, he included the narrations related to the disagreement with the succession of Abu Bakr as well as a report of some disputes on Saqifah. It is concluded that the dependency of Balazori’s on Abbasid caliphate has been so effective on his approach towards the issue of Saqifah

One of ways of identifying the absoluteness or the way of issuing narrations is the development of hadith family and the validation of narrations through which. The science of hadith mostly takes advantage of this method and it can be appropriate for the denial and approval of the existence of a historical report by the historians and biographers as well. It seems that the report of repeated divorces performed by Imam Hassan (PBUH) in the Islamic sources is originated from the development of hadith family. Through the pathology of this method by referring to the ancient texts and taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical method of research, the present writing is to answer the why of accepting the report of repeated divorces performed by that holiness by some of the Islamic scholars particularly the Twelvers. The findings of this research illuminate that hadith family is not capable of identifying the intentionally fake reports and this disadvantage is observed in the reports of repeated divorces performed by Imam Hassan (PBUH); so that the fabricators have declared this unreliable report factual and justifiable through the various and numerous reports regarding this issue.

This research with the aim of investigating the political position of mosque of Kufa from 17-132 A.H, tries to answer the question on how the political activity of fore and against of caliphate was in mosque of Kufa in this span of time and what was its effect on the political state of the mosque. Taking advantage of the descriptive- analytical method, the research concludes that mosque of Kufa constantly preserved its political position during this phase. The mere difference was that in time of Imam Ali and Imam Hassan (PBUT) compared with Omayyad era, the presence of associates of sovereignty was more than that of the opponents. Moreover, a relative balance was made between the followers and adversaries relying on the conducts of falsification in Omayyad era. Nevertheless, the unwanted events led to the development of the opponent powers particularly the Shiites, their domination on the mosque and the end of Omayyad era

From the beginning of the third century and the initiation of occultation of the twelfth Imam, the scholars of Twelver Shiites felt the need for the development of the works on hadith, jurisprudence and theology. The development of these works with diverse purposes such as collecting hadith from Shiite Imams, answering the scientists belonging to the other sects and religions as well as trying toward the awareness of Shiite community. The main purpose of the present article is to introduce some of these works which have been written in line with granting identity to the Shiite community. In this regard, five works in the third and fourth centuries (A.H) namely Al- Mo’men, Al Tamhis, Sefat al- Shi’a, Fazael al- Shi’a, and Masadiq al- Akhavan have been investigated in terms of their pattern of writing as well as the way of selecting hadith in them. Finally, it has been concluded that the purpose of writing these works was not a simple gathering but developing a coherent religious identity for the Twelver Shiites after the occultation of the twelfth Imam and making distinction between them as a group being independent and different from the other religious sects. This sectarian identity was of three significant aspects including moral, social and jurisprudential identity

Bayhaqi’s History (Tarikh e- Bayhaqi) is considered as a historical-political work and the hierarchy of the authority dominated on it is determinative in the development of the dignity of its characters. Abolfazl Bayhaqi (470 A.H), one of the actors dependent on one of the active political groups in Ghaznavi era (344- 583 After Hijrah) has taken advantage of the particular linguistic codes in the statement of his narration to conceal his political tendency due to the autocracy of government. To identify the elements of dignity and its aspects in Bayhaqi’s History, this research has investigated the diverse viewpoints in this regard in order to reflect on the linguistic signs developing dignity through the discourse analysis. The findings of research clarify that Bayhaqi showing the dignity of the actors in the political domain via the purposeful utilization of his linguistic capacity was to make the insider group outstanding against the rival group and to challenge the dominant authority by presenting Sultan Mahmood (391- 420 A.H) superior to Sultan Masood (421- 432 After Hijrah) in terms of dignity.

Mo’tazz Abbasi rose to power when the disputes in the court had made the conditions chaotic. Following the general view of Abbasids, the shiahs in Samarra led by Imam Hadi and Imam Hassan (PBUT) were also considered an opponent trend in view of the court. Restoring the government to Motevakel dynasty, Mo’tazz referred to his father’s traditions concerning the sovereignty affairs. However, he was in time of the riots of the opponent including the Twelvers. Looking for the answer to the question on what political religious approaches taken by Mo’tazz in dealing with the Twelvers and relying on the descriptive- analytical method of research, this research has concluded that Mo’tazz managed his caliphate under the influence of his mother, brother as well as his instructors. He politically considered the Twelvers as an opponent party and under the influence of the scholars of hadith, he religiously considered them as a strayed sect. Particularly, the issue of the news on Imam Mahdi’s birth by the prophesiers of the court as the terminating of Abbasid caliphate accelerated the court’s reactions

Safavid religious movement could provide distinctive services to the Shiite Islam by the establishment of government and the formal recognition of Shi’ism. It also provided the ground for the confirmation and achievement of gradual social position by the Shiite jurisprudents in Iran. Considering the background of Sufism of the Safavid, this article is to answer the question on what position did the Shiite jurisprudents have in cooperation with the government in terms of the function of religious legitimacy and how much was their authority in the social domain particularly the propagation and administration of Islamic decrees. The findings of research clarify that the religious legitimacy of Safavid government was not merely due to the Shiite jurisprudents, but the Safavid could achieve their religious authority through the diverse sources such as supporting the trend of Sufism as well as some titles providing authority such as lordship and subrogation of Imam. Some of the Safavid kings considered a significant position for the Shiite jurisprudents and in the court system, they were holders of numerous official positions. However, the real authority and the social penetration of the king was not comparable with the other position holders and the personal desires of the king was dominating on the destinies of the country. It was merely the end of Safavid era that reinforcement of powerful religious institution as well as the development of Mollabashi position improved the authority of the jurisprudents.

Many extensive researches have been done related to the convergence congress developed by Nader Shah Afshar in Najaf as his last endeavor aimed for the convergence among the scholars of the world of Islam. However, there are too many implicit aspects before the historians. The present research has investigated the position of Sheikh Abdullah Al- Suwaidi (1174 A.H) in Najaf congress and the why of congress failure. Taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical method, this writing has concluded that Al- Suwaidi, the representative of Ahmad Pasha, the governor of Bagdad, who had attended the Congress of Najaf in order to formally recognize Jafari religion in 1156 (A.H) was not the representative of Othmani government and this very issue was considered as the main element of congress failure

The prevalence of contagious illnesses, the insufficiency of sanitary facilities as well as the increase of mortality in Iran particularly in Khalij e- Fars region were regarded as the main concerns of the country in the end of Qajar and Pahlavi era. In this very period, the political and economic competitions between the European countries in this region led to the development of new challenges in the domain of politics and sanitation and its consequences were represented in Bushehr city. England with more active role in Khalij e- Fars, took step towards the establishment of quarantine stations in borderline areas including Khalij e- Fars in order to improve the sanitation and fight with the illnesses. The focal point of this writing is the investigation of the challenge between the politics and sanitation in the quarantine of Khalij e- Fars and its consequences in Bushehr from the end of Qajar to the fall of Reza shah by taking advantage of the descriptive- analytical approach, the reports of sanitation, the official documents, the newspapers, in addition to the other sources. The findings of research indicate the competition between European physicians particularly the England ones in Iran related to fighting with diseases led to the improvement of public sanitation in Bushehr. However, the challenge in the domains of politics and sanitation changed the sanitary issue into the political one and consequently, the interference of the European faced with the resistance of people and this challenge was developed by the independency of the quarantine organization of the South