مجله طب دریا
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 13، زمستان 1400)

Old age is always associated with inactivity, obesity and many physical, mental and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water on body composition and quality of life of overweight elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 34 elderly (mean age: 66±4 years old) and overweight (BMI≥25 kg/m2) men were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups of water training (n=17) and control (n=17).  The exercise program included aerobic exercise in water with an intensity of 45 to 65% of maximum heart rate for 8 weeks. At the beginning and end of the training period, body composition indicators, as well as the quality of life of the elderly, were evaluated according to the questionnaire of The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)

Exercise in water significantly reduced fat percentage (P£0.03), weight (P£0.01), body mass index (P£0.01) and waist to hip ratio (P£0.001) in overweight elderly men. These exercises also significantly increased the quality of life (P£0.01). In addition to the overall quality of life score, its sub-components including physical health (P£0.05), mental health (P£0.03), social relations (P£0.00) and environmental health (P£0.01) were also improved.

8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water can improve anthropometric parameters, increase quality of life and physical health in overweight elderly men. Therefore, these exercises can be recommended by sports and health experts to these people.

Resistance to multiple drugs during antibiotic treatment is a new problem. According to research, seaweed extracts have antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of organic extracts of Cystoseira trinodis (brown algae) and Halimeda tuna (green algae) of the Oman Sea on E. coli, L. monocytogenes and P. aeruginosa

The algae were dried and the extraction was performed by sonication with ethyl acetate solvent. Antibacterial effects were determined by disk agar diffusion methods, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution method and the minimum lethal concentration (MBC) was determined by purplate method.

The antibiotics gentamicin, ampicillin and neomycin showed a significant difference with most of the extracts and had more inhibitory power (P <0.05). Ethyl acetate extract of C. trinodis against P aeruginosa did not show a significant difference with neomycin antibiotic in the ratio of 1.5 w / v with the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of 11.91 mm (p <0.05). The diameter of the growth inhibition zone of this extract against E. coli was 10.33 mm. The diameter of the growth inhibition zone of H. tuna against E. coli and P. aeruginosa was 12.01 and 11.3 mm, respectively. MIC of 3.08 mg/ml for C. trinodis extract and MBC of 9.75 mg/ml for H. tuna extract was found against P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa showed the highest susceptibility to extracts among the three bacteria and L. monocytogenes showed no susceptibility to extracts.

Ethyl acetate extract of brown algae C. trinodis has an antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa; equivalent to the antibiotic neomycin and ethyl acetate extract of H. tuna algae has a lethal effect against P. aeruginosa.

With the industrialization of aquatic ecosystems, the concentration of ammonia in surface water and groundwater have been much higher than standards, and large amounts of industrial, municipal and agricultural effluents containing ammonia are released into water sources, producing unhealthy and harmful products. The aim of this study was to synthesis the biological nanocomposite hydrogels based on kappa-carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanoparticles to absorb three samples of agricultural effluent containing ammonia.

Hydrogels are the most suitable bio-sorbents that exist naturally and synthetically. In this study, carrageenan and acrylic acid hydrogels in the form of radical polymerization were prepared in the room by methylene bis-acrylamide as the crosslinking agent and ammonia persulfate as the initiator. Then, a magnetic hydrogel was prepared using divalent and trivalent iron by co-precipitation method.

By adsorbing the ammonia in the two prepared effluent samples, the optimal values ​​for contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent were 40 minutes, 5, 15 ° C and 40 mg, respectively. The ammonia equilibrium adsorption process by nanomagnetic hydrogels was studied by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms, which show that the maximum adsorption belongs to the Langmuir isotherm. Comparison of experimental data with adsorption models showed that these data follow a quasi-quadratic adsorption model. The optimum temperature for the removal of ammonia from both effluents is 15 ° C and the removal capacity in both effluents increases with rising pH from 2 to 10.

According to the results of this study, it can be estimated that the adsorbent studied in this study, which is a nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide, had a significant reduction in the amount of ammonia in the effluents. It can be said that the nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide is an effective adsorbent for the rapid removal of ammonium ions from an aqueous solution.

The growing concerns about antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains reveal the urgent need to discover and develop new types of antibacterial agents. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to present a new generation of new antibacterial nanoparticles for industrial medical applications.

In this experimental study, the biosynthesis process of graphene nanoparticles was performed using an aqueous extract of green algae of Ulva flexuosa. Then the antibacterial activity was evaluated by two methods of determining the diameter of the growth inhibition zone and determining the minimum inhibition concentration on gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains.

The results of characterization analyses of graphene oxide reduction with the aqueous extract of the green alga U. flexuosa and its conversion to graphene were confirmed. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the samples showed that the aqueous extract of green algae and reduced graphene oxide had antibacterial activity, while graphene oxide had no antibacterial activity.

The results of this study showed that reduced graphene oxide by green macro-algae can be introduced as a new antibacterial to the pharmaceutical field and medicine.

Strengthening the security and flexibility of critical infrastructure such as water facilities, which are part of the main assets and vital centers of cities and are very vulnerable to possible attacks, has a very important role in reducing vulnerability in critical situations. The aim of this study was to identify and assess the risk of drinking water facilities in Hashtgerd city by Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). 

The present analytical study was conducted in the all water facility of Hashtgerd city, Alborz, Iran in 2020. Identification and determination of the types of potential hazards and threats of water facilities in Hashtgerd city related to the quantity and quality of water and operation and maintenance was done by reviewing the necessary documents, field visits, observation, interviews and opinion polls of Alborz province water supply experts. Then, risk assessment was performed using FMEA technique. The risk priority number was calculated by multiplying the three factors of severity, probability of occurrence and probability of discovery, and based on that, risk prioritization was performed and the necessary solutions to reduce the risk were presented.

In this study, 42 potential risks were identified. The highest risks belonged to water wells (35.71%). The identified risks were 10, 33 and 57%, related to the quantity, quality of water and operation and maintenance, respectively. The highest risk priority number were 576, 448 and 392, related to the critical threats that belonged to improper selection of water well location, possibility of physical attacks on reservoirs and long life of pumping station and water distribution network, respectively. 47.6, 40.5 and 11.9% of the risks were at the critical, moderate and non-critical levels, respectively. Risk priority number range of critical level threats for water wells with 8 risks was 192-448, for pumping stations with 8 risks was 280-576 and for reservoirs and water distribution network with 4 risks was 336-392.

The findings showed that all of the Hashtgerd water facilities are vulnerable to identified potentially critical threats and require serious corrections, control, monitoring and up-to-date and frequent staff training. Corrections implementation, especially for critical level threats, in order of priority for water tanks and distribution network, pumping station and then water wells, can play an effective role in reducing the risk potential and destructive effects of threats in crises and need to be seriously considered by water industry officials.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic disease. In this study, we examined the serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus in this disease and its relationship with clinical symptoms based on the patient's Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28).

This prospective cross-sectional study was performed on patients with rheumatoid arthritis referred to the rheumatology clinic of a military hospital in Tehran, Iran. The diagnosis was made by a rheumatologist according to the criteria of the American Rheumatological Association. After admission, the severity of rheumatoid arthritis was assessed according to DAS28 criteria, which is based on the number of painful joints, number of swollen joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus were also measured in all of these patients.

one hundred patients were present in this study, of which 22 were male (22%) and 78 were female (78%). The mean age of patients was 53.7±11 years (range: 26-76 years). The mean score of disease severity among patients was 14.4±1.2 (range 1.4-7.6). 12% of patients had passive disease, 8% had low-activity disease, 62% had moderate activity and 18% had severe activity. There was a significant difference between the severity of the disease and serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus. Patients with higher disease severity had lower levels of calcium and vitamin D while higher levels of phosphorus (p <0.05).

In patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, serum levels of vitamin D are low, so it is recommended to investigate the effect of this vitamin on improving the severity of the disease in these patients so that the final decision to increase this vitamin to the treatment regimen can be made.

The spread of pollutants, including heavy metals, in water resources, has negatively affected many marine and freshwater ecosystems and, consequently, their habitats, especially fish. Since the fisheries industry provides part of the food needs of society, the transfer of pollutants such as heavy metals through the food chain to the human body can be considered a threat to the health of human society. Therefore, the need to study this issue is felt like one of the research needs at the national and international levels.This narrative review examines the subject by reviewing library resources, articles, books, as well as reputable scientific databases. In this review, first, a perspective of the fisheries and aquaculture industry was presented and then, the accumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of fish and their transfer to the human food chain was considered. Also, the major effects of heavy metals on human health were investigated.In general, most heavy metals are toxic to the body at very low levels. However, among the studied metals, mercury, lead, and cadmium have a higher degree of toxicity, therefore, increasing these heavy metals in fish tissue to more than the allowable level is associated with many risks. The main mechanism of toxicity of heavy metals involves the production of free radicals to cause oxidative stress, which causes damage to biological molecules such as enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA.Based on the results, increasing the levels of mercury, lead and cadmium in fish tissue compared to other metals can have more harmful effects on public health. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the quality of consumables, especially fish sold in wholesale markets and retailers.

In recent decades, diving has been introduced as a professional occupation that is performed in addition to industrial, research and military filed, as well as for sports and recreation. In diving, the physical ability of the body is very important and this importance is more evident in professional diving. In this review study, research on cardiovascular diseases and their relationship with physical activity, as well as diving and the possible stressors of the diving environment are reviewed. Findings show that factors such as physical strength, age, cardiovascular disease can affect safe diving. However, people with cardiovascular diseases are able to dive due to environmental factors such as pressure, heat stress (usually cold stress), and water flow, but there are some cautions for them. Considering that cardiovascular diseases are the third most common cause of death while diving; the cooperation of diving physicians and cardiologists, as well as having accurate information about the disease status and tolerance of environmental factors by a person with cardiovascular disease, as well as a proper understanding of the diving environment is essential for safe diving of these people