نشریه زیست بوم نوآوری
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1400)

According to the social conditions of women as a vulnerable group in society, it is necessary to create a suitable environment for their entrepreneurial activities and study the issues of women entrepreneurs in order to identify existing limitations, modifying future policy-makings in this area, and also increasing the individual, economic and social efficiency. Therefore, in this study, the barriers of women entrepreneurship in the city of Zahedan have been studied and tested. The research method was Quantitative and the statistical population of the research was women entrepreneurs and business founders of the city of Zahedan, which includes: women entrepreneurs in companies located in Zahedan University Growth Centers, knowledge-based companies, companies located in the province Science and Technology Park and other women Entrepreneurs in Zahedan city who were introduced by the labor office. Finally, 148 questionnaires based on simple random sampling method were distributed and received among the statistical population. The required data for research analysis were collected by the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and SMARTPLS softwares. Findings indicate that there are six categories of barriers; Includes barriers: socio-cultural, governmental, access to facilities, individual, motivational and family, affect women's entrepreneurship and prevent women's participation in the field of entrepreneurial activities in Zahedan. Individual barriers are the most important barriers to women entrepreneurship in Zahedan. Barriers of motivation, family, access to facilities, government, cultural-social are ranked second to sixth in terms of importance, respectively.

Entrepreneurship education has a significant impact on the success of entrepreneurship and consequently on the economic development of societies. The purpose of entrepreneurship education is to cultivate entrepreneurial skills and characteristics. By cultivating these skills at a younger age, we can have capable, creative and innovative young people in all social, cultural, political and economic dimensions in the future. By cultivating these skills at a younger age, we can have capable, creative and innovative young people in all social, cultural, political and economic dimensions in the future. While, inappropriate education in entrepreneurship can fade entrepreneurship characteristics in this age. For this reason, it is very helpful to study the educational programs of developed countries and imitate their programs. The main purpose of this article is to review the entrepreneurship education programs in high school from the three aspects of background, culture and education in selected countries and to provide a model for Iran, which was done by comparative method in selected countries. The statistical population of the study is the United States, Germany, Austria, and Australia. Some of these countries have high rates of high school entrepreneurship programs, according to the World Entrepreneurship Watch 2020. Some of these countries have high rates of high school entrepreneurship programs, according to the World Entrepreneurship Watch 2020.Canada and the United States have taken good steps in this direction, including: conducting entrepreneurship projects with financial support, training trainers to train entrepreneurial students, teaching how to start a business in a practical way, and interacting effectively with entrepreneurs. By reviewing and studying the programs of selected countries, suggestions are also provided for the development of a high school entrepreneurship education program for Iran.

Todays, higher education institutions need to integrate entrepreneurship in all Field of Study Specialized orientation and Education Courses in order to move in line with the dynamic labor market in the 21st century. This study aims to investigate study the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the world's innovative universities in a descriptive-analytical done. The population of the present study Society is the top universities in the field of entrepreneurship selected according to the annual ranking of Reuters. Reuters ranks the world's top universities in terms of innovation. Three Stanford, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, ranked respectively first to third in the 2019 Reuters rankings, were studied as sample. Various methods and tools have been used to collect information, such as reviewing documents published on the official websites of universities, their reports and articles. In this research, the information of the studied universities is discussed in four sections: patents, university entrepreneurial activities, entrepreneurship training courses and relation with industry.

In this study, the commercialization efficiency of growth companies of growth centers of Iranian university technology units for thirty provinces in the period 1393-1396 has been analyzed. For this purpose, using data envelopment analysis method and scale variable return model, it has estimated the values of technical, scale and managerial efficiency. The results show that there is no positive and significant relationship between academic rank and technical efficiency of growth centers. 12 provinces have lower than average technical efficiency, among which, Kerman province, despite being ranked 26th in the university and located in a semi-industrial area, has the lowest amount of technical efficiency at 0.315. It can be said that effective interaction between academia and industry accelerates innovation, so the lack of an innovative environment of communication between the formal management mechanisms of the university and industry and low managerial efficiency (0.382), moderates academic innovation practices and causes communication. These two areas are diminishing. On the other hand, despite being in the university rankings at level 51 and in a weak industrial zone, Bushehr province has a higher technical efficiency (0.931) than the average, which is mostly due to its high efficiency. It is at the top of its management.

Science and technology parks play a key role in Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialization, policy tool for technology diffusion through entrepreneurship and for knowledge economy. Purpose of this study was to identify the role of science and technology parks in order to creating innovation ecosystem. The research method was mixed. In qualitative section, the statistical population consisted of experts in the fields of academia, industry and government. Participants were selected by purposive sampling from 20 participants. In quantitative section, population consisted of 440 individuals who were among the middle and executive managers of four domains of university, industry, government and intermediary institutions that were selected by stratified random sampling method. The sample size was 205 using Cochran formula. Data were collected in the qualitative section by semi-structured interview method and in the quantitative section by a researcher-made questionnaire. The thematic analysis method was used for qualitative data analysis and partial least squares method was used for quantitative data analysis. These factors explained about 90 percent of the changes in the innovation ecosystem. The results showed that the roles of science and technology parks in the ecosystem of university, industry, and government are three supportive, mediator and capacity building roles.

Entrepreneurship is a process that plays a vital role in sustaining national growth and development and even the global economy. One of the effective factors in entrepreneurship is self-efficacy, which is a vital element in the field of entrepreneurship. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of presenting and validating the model of entrepreneurial self-efficacy in higher education. The present study is an applied research that has been done by mixed method. It is also a cross-sectional survey in terms of method and time of data collection. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes 16 experimental and theoretical experts in the field. In the quantitative part, the views of 384 students of Sistan and Baluchestan University (1300-1400) have been used. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. For data analysis, content quality analysis method with MAXQDA software, structural-interpretive modeling with MICMAC software and partial least squares with SMART PLS software were used. The results showed that the effect of educational content on entrepreneurial education with a value of 0.590 and t-statistic was 5.283 and the effect of educational support component on entrepreneurial education with a value of 0.511 and t-statistic of 5.021 was confirmed. Entrepreneurial training was effective on technical skills with a value of 0.855 and t-statistic of 9.871 and also the effect of perceptual skills on entrepreneurial self-efficacy with a value of 0.439 and t-statistic of 3.074 was confirmed. The effect of technical skills on entrepreneurial self-efficacy with a value of 0.388 and a t-statistic of 2.605 and the effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention with a value of 0.749 and a t-statistic of 7.44 were also confirmed.