مجله مطالعات اجتماعی اقوام
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Tribal behavior and actions throughout history have been subject to a number of structural factors. for more than seven hundred years, the Ardalan dynasty ruled over much of western Iran. in the summer, Kurdish tribes and nomads moved towards the block, which was east of Ardalan. sometimes the roads that nomads crossed to reach this area were five hundred kilometers long.

The purpose of writing this article is to study academically, observe and explain historically the actions of the tribes and how they are present in Lei lakh, Which, in addition to intrinsic value; It can explain the multiple cultures of this region.

The researcher answers the ambiguities of the research with a descriptive-analytical method in history and relying on archival and library documents.

Due to its geopolitical position and favorable climate, lei lakh Block has played a preparatory role in Ardalan region under the influence of human relations. In the last monolithic seasons, the area became a colorful cultural collection of Kurdish tribes and nomads. as lei lakh block (compared to the population) paid more tax to Ardalan court than other blocks of Ardalan.

The aim of the present survey is to recognize and describe the relations between Talesh, Turk, and Gilak races. In this study, the qualitative method and semi-structured interview have been employed. The results of the study revealed that there are normal and positive communications between the three races in terms of social and economic relations. Although  there are remarkable similarities and cultural adaptation in terms of language and customs, there are differences in cultural relations due to this fact that Turk people consider their culture closer to Talesh's in observing some bonds generally. Regards to cultural differences, Gilak people feel a closer relationship to Talesh people due to long years of neighborhood and coexistence. Talesh people stated that the cultural features/traits of Talesh and Turk are similar too, in terms of some cultural issues such as the way of clothing and some bonds and customs like marriage. Although the three races in the first instance admit definitely that they're all Iranian and Muslim in terms of political relations and this fact that the ethnicity has no effect on their relations, decisions and political behaviors, but they believed that  ethnicity and religion have an impact on political power, position and management. Talesh people and especially the Sunni of the region underestimated their portion of having valuable opportunities and sources. The respondents believed that there are natural differences between races but the government's way of policy-making intensifies the differences and makes them more noticeable.

Ethnocentrism amongst ethnic groups in Iran is one of the most important factors that endanger the social and cultural solidarity of our country. Pan-Turkism is a kind of ethnocentrism. Pan-Turkism emerged in the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century. In order to eliminate the Persian from previous Persian territories in the Caucasus, the Russian supported the idea of pan-Turkism. After the Russians, the Ottoman Empire advertised this idea to save its empire in the First World War. That is why they attacked Iranian Azerbaijan in 1918. Then the Soviet Union helped the Democratic Party to form a pan-Turkic state in Iran. Generally speaking, three factors of external forces, the Azeri elites, and the political system influence Pan-Turkism. In the present study, we attempted to examine the external forces and factors influencing Pan-Turkism in Iranian Azerbaijan through conducting a survey. For this purpose, we chose 400 respondents from East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil, and Zanjan provinces, using the clustering sample method. Then we interviewed the respondents. Finally, we analysed the data by the SPSS software. The regression analysis revealed that the independent variables explained 33 percent of the changes of Pan-Turkism as the dependent variable.

The entry of the Mamasani tribe into the geographical space of Shulistan in the Safavid period brought the social and political demarcations of the tribes within the framework of separate geographical territories. Influenced by such demarcations, Mamasani human beings also settled in different territories. It seems that such human beings in each of these domains have their own ancestry background, so that their genealogy and historical and geographical origin play a role in how their social structure is arranged. In this regard, the human settlements of Mamasani County are the residence of several children who have formed its cultural and social context together. In this context, Gachgaran rural settlement in the central part of Mamasani city and First Baksh village has a significant manpower and population. The research is based on the question of what historical and geographical origin of the descendants of Gachgaran in the Mamasani tribe? The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and data related to 55 Descendants were collected by both library and field methods. The results showed that 55 children settled in Gachgaran settlement have different descent and historical and geographical origin (different spatial origin and different descent and identity). The worldview and socio-political attitude of these children also includes aspects of general similarity and partial differentiation that have influenced their social and political action.

Concerning the formation, ethnic and national identity, one of the most popular ideas among sociologists and political scientists is the constructivist theory or approach. There are opposing views on this theory, which need to be examined in order to gain a view that is true. The questions that arise are: First, what is the claim of the constructivists, and secondly, what is the position of reason and revelation in the claim. This theory is divided into three approaches: economic, political, cultural and social that Their commonality is to rely on structural causes and factors in the formation and intensification of ethnic and national identity. Referring to the rational method as well as the analysis of the Qur'anic verses, all three approaches are criticized and conclude that Ethnic identity is not merely a structural matter but four general principles: the origin of the effect of society, the love of essence and its similarities, The civilization of human nature,the gradualization of ethnic identity; Confirms the role of non-structural factors.

The present article aims to investigate the sociological relationship between ethnic groups with an emphasis on telegram jokes and seeks to answer the following questions: What issues do ethnic jokes express? And what are the factors that lead to the creation of ethnic jokes in different groups? To answer these questions, Kemper theory was used. In fact, content analysis is one of the documentary methods that includes highlighting the axes or main lines of a text or written texts or a collection of images, tapes, etc. The statistical population of this research is the jokes exchanged in the Telegram social network. The results of this study show that ethnic groups try to compensate for the imbalance of power and position in relation to their superior groups and their social distance from the lower groups through ridicule and humiliation in jokes. Jokes, on the other hand, lead to a kind of stereotypical view of the target group, meaning that ethnic groups often show similar feelings in response to such jokes.

Social Movements have a great effect on the destiny and structure of the society, as far as they cause many changes in the society and international relationship in one side, and prevent from some specific changes on the other side. Since social movements are against current social order, they can be the source of many changes in the structure and upcoming destiny of the society. The discussion over racial movements in multi-racial society is also crucial. In Iran, there are different races such as Fars, Kurd, Baloch, Lore, Turk, Arab, etc. which in different ages caused many movements and parties that affected the central policy of the country. In this study, we study the movements of Baloch race and their roots, goals, and causality. And these movements have been criticized according to Charles Tilly's theory. The research method in this research has been historical-analytical. It can be said that the emergence of social movements in Balochistan of Iran, has been largely influenced by ethnic movements in Balochistan of Pakistan. Also, the present study shows that regional factors have been the most important factors in encouraging the independence thoughts among Baloches. Some of the racial Baloch-based movements are the Independence Movement of Doust Muhammad Khan, The liberator Front of Balochistan, The Democratic Party of Balochistan, and The Muslim League Party. According to Tilly's theory, these movements were not national movements, because governments did not play much of a role in organizing and directing these movements, but were more like revolutionary movements.

"Dale" is a compound word meaning language. This tool has been used in most parts of Azerbaijan since ancient times and is used to hunt male quail. Residents of Alvarez village in Ardabil province, after thousands of years, still benefit from this indigenous knowledge and Dale is still of special importance and respect among the villagers as a quail hunting tool. The method of work in this research is qualitative, with direct and participatory observation, along with interviews in the field of research with the functional theory of Branislav Malinowski. The findings of the study indicate that the tool for hunting the dale among the residents of this village is not only the command of bird hunting, but also the method of preparing and making the dale requires special skills and art that the villagers consider more important than the tool of hunting and entertainment as a cultural tool. And economics have a special look. Their cultural view of this tool is a heritage and artistic view that has made it valuable and lasting. From an economic point of view, this tool is considered to be the handicraft of the people of Alvarez, with which they boost their own family economy, albeit briefly.

The term "consumer behavior" is used to refer to the consumption of a product or service and the construction and decision-making process by the consumer. Consumption is a multifaceted phenomenon and cultural factors play a significant role in determining and modifying the phenomenon of consumption. Therefore, it is appropriate to examine this phenomenon from a cultural perspective, especially ethnic culture. This research seeks to answer the question: "What is the relationship between ethnic identity and consumer behavior?”. The statistical population of the study is the population of Lorestan province and the survey method was used to collect data from the sample, which 400 people were selected. Our findings, based on the values ​​of CR (-7.17) and P (***) indices, show that there is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and consumer behavior and there is a negative correlation between these two variables, that is, whatever the ethnic identity is weaker, the consumer behavior will be stronger. This result is consistent with the results of the study of Ajzan and others and confirms the theory of Ajzan. The ethnicity variable is directly related to income with a beta coefficient (-0.31). The effect of gender has a beta factor (-0.25), which indicates that women are more tended to consume than men. In general, of the four hypotheses mention in this study, two hypotheses "relationship between pride feeling and consumer behavior" and "orientation to ethnicity - lack of orientation to other ethnicities - and consumer behavior" confirm, which is based on the inverse relationship between consumer behavior and the dimension of the feeling of ethnic identity pride with beta coefficient (-0.33) and orientation to ethnicity with beta coefficient (-0.38).

Seleucus Nicator, who came to power in Persia after Alexander's death, built the city of Seleucia in 307 BC on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite Babylon, where the ancient city of Opis was located. From this time on, the city established its position as the capital of the Seleucids in their eastern occupations. The special geographical location of Seleucia means being located in Mesopotamia on the Tigris coast and at the intersection of important roads that connected Central Asia and Iran to Anatolia and the Mediterranean coast, as well as the settlement of Greek and non-Greek inhabitants in this city who have skills and abilities. They were administrative, artistic and commercial, along with the mint and production workshops and fertile agricultural lands around it, had caused the economic prosperity of the city. At the same time, Seleucia was an autonomous city and city government, with political and administrative affairs in the hands of the city council. How the Iranian socio-political system deals with the Hellenistic influences resulting from the formation of Greek cities such as Seleucia is considered as the main issue of the present study. This article tries to study the position of this ancient city from the time of its establishment to its decline, relying on historical sources and archeological documents, while studying the interaction of Hellenic and Iranian civilizations in the process of Seleucid city development and its consequences.

Narration and narration is one of the fields of research in social sciences to be of special importance today due to the formation of analytical and anthropological research. Also, using this method in humanities research, the problems, concepts and form of study of the organization can be Let us give a new development to the expression that the method used in this research is a qualitative method of narrative analysis, which aims at a descriptive applied research to analyze ethnicity in the workplace. Using semi-structured interviews and purposeful and non-random methods to select 7 people as participants in the research. Also, after the interviews, the results of this qualitative research, an analysis that is in line with the two questions. Taken as follows: In the first question, according to the structural analysis of the story using the Labaf model, the analysis of the structure of the stories has been done with six elements of this model. However, in order to answer the second question and analyze the content of the stories, considering that the stories form our data, a theme analysis was performed, which is explained in the research method. Then, the result of the second question was that 9 themes were identified as: Tendency to a particular ethnic group Managerial changes, misplaced prejudice, disregard for individual ability, scenario-making of others, power, job discrimination, divisiveness, wages. Of these themes, there were seven known themes in accordance with the basics of the existing theory. The other two themes in this research are called managerial changes and new divisiveness and are known as inductive methods. And three themes, namely ethnic orientation and managerial changes and disregard for individual abilities, have been recurring themes in the stories.

Participation is a public, social, and multidimensional process of accepting responsibility in your community. The purpose of this study is to study the sociological factors affecting the participation of the people of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in the elections of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Therefore, the effect of independent variables such as the role of religious affiliation, tribal affiliation, political socialization and mass mobilization on the participation of people in elections was examined. From a methodological point of view, this research has been compiled with a quantitative approach and a survey method, based on the use of questionnaire tools to collect data and opinions of respondents.The sample studied in this study is 384 men and women over the age of eighteen in Boyer-Ahmad and Dena counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. Also, based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it was found that the data of the mentioned variables do not have a normal distribution.  Therefore, Spearman rank correlation test was used to measure the correlation of independent and dependent variables. After calculating these coefficients with the help of software spss; It can be inferred that the greatest impact is related to the role of religious affiliation in participation in elections at the rate of 0.902, tribal affiliation 0.785, political socialization 783% and mass mobilization 577%, respectively.