نشریه ادبیات پایداری
پیاپی 25 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The ideas of Michel Foucault (1926-1984) have brought about great changes in the fields of philosophy, politics, knowledge and social science. One of the most important terms in his view is power. According to Foucault, power exists in all aspects of human life and among all human beings. Power in its behavior seeks to regulate and subjugate others. It seems that by analyzing Foucault's views on power and its epistemological relationship between subject and subjugation, several works in the field of history, politics, oral history and even literature can be examined under cultural studies. The purpose of such research is to pay attention to the approach that Foucault has followed in recognizing power as a raw material by understanding the sub-subject and marginal. It is through these procedures that we can understand the mechanism of techniques and procedures of power and how it works (Barry, 2006: 104).Oral history in the field of Iran-Iraq war (1978-1988), especially the memoirs of prisoners of war, is important as an example of societies that clearly emphasize the mechanisms of domination and power for survival. The book "An Inscription on the Sky" Narrated by Akbar Sayad Borani (2017), an Iranian pilot who was captured by Iraqi Ba'athist forces on the fourth day of the Iran-Iraq war, after his plane crashed at the border between the two countries. In this book, Sayad Borani, while narrating the bitter narratives of captivity, expresses the structure of hard and soft power, resistance and quasi-discourses within the captivity camps.

In this study, the method of constructing the subject of criticism and the rule of the Iranian captives and the relations and functions of domination (prison guards) as the construction of the subject man in highlighting a specific narrative and parallel discourses have been studied. To show the aspects of originality and abstract images of Sayad Borani narrative propositions, his memoir entitled "An Inscription in the Sky" has been used. The main question of the article is the quality of power discourse and the confrontation of some external discourses in the form of discourse resistance. How did the author (narrator) of these memoirs show the disciplinary technology of prison guards in the three elements of knowledge, power and body?

Foucault talks about the quality of power. In his view, these four themes encompass the issues of power that must be avoided: first, power is possession, and second, power is a phenomenon that is specifically concentrated in a particular state or social class. Third, power can be reduced to other areas. Fourth, its effects and effects are purely ideological (3), so they are subject to falsification, distortion and skepticism (Bard, 2003: 7-116).Foucault considers the "problem of power" to be an interactive phenomenon and draws on micro-textures for power that extend to the smallest aspects of human relations. Foucault also believes that power does not usually change in nature. An example of this view can be seen in several places in the narration of an inscription on the sky.In Foucault's definition of power, we come to the "qualitative characteristic" of a part of the relations between individuals that emerges within a specific framework of control systems in order to subjugate the supposed society.Sayad Borani in expressing the relations between individuals and the control system (dominant discourse) refers to three relations: first, the relationship of prisoners with each other, and second: the relationship of prisoners with infiltrators and spies. Third: Prisoners' relations with prison guards.In all three forms of relationships, the act of organizing is shown as the "possible sphere of action of others." In other words, the competition of each of the mentioned discourses, while trying to organize the nature of the representation of individuals, seeks to dominate the (discourse) of the other.

This study showed how the prison government, in order to create subjugation and order in its construction, highlights one discourse and marginalizes another discourse. The narrator states in his narrative that the desired power of the prison regime in the early days of his captivity and that of his friends initially sought to subdue them through threats, intimidation and punishment, but due to the resistance of the prisoners, the prison guards gradually turned to strategic behavior. They seem to be humane, and by providing facilities, changing violent guards and increasing food rations, they added to the aspects of care. In this study, there is a set of connections, activities and experiences in an intertwined network of discourse relations of the captive community through which to describe the connections between different classes of this human society. Citing evidence from the book Inscription in the Sky, it was found that in the approach of closed and totalitarian societies, such as the prisoner of war prison, two interconnected elements of behavioral norms and subjugation techniques in the self-regulation struggle for power seek to exploit the dominated elements. On the other hand, in a capillary, intangible and multifaceted way, the power tried to draw certain ways of life for the members of the society (prisoners of war) by persuading them. Power has done this by changing, but it did not change its nature. The intertwined networks of discourses sought to spread their accepted truths in the captive community in overt and covert conflict. The most important reason for the inability of the dominant discourse (prison guards) is the lack of proper understanding of discourses or sub-discourses that have overcome the dominant discourse and the established system of government in the form of resistance and sub-subjects.

According to the approach of globalization of literature, one of the important components in accelerating the process of globalization of literary works is the contextual components. Because a work, in addition to having a linguistic, technical and content components in order to reach the peak of globalization, must have the necessary contextual and meta textual components to achieve this position. The contextual characteristics of a work complete a circle of globalization if a work has other components, and if a work does not have these characteristics, it has a difficult path to go through and reach the level of globalization. In this article, three novels from Iranian sacred literature and three novels from the Palestinian resistance literature are studied in terms of contextual components. Important meta textual elements, such as translation and the flow of powerful literary criticism, cultural exchange, global exhibitions and markets, new media, have been the most important components discussed in this article to measure and evaluate the meta textual components considered by the authors.

What is most important is to achieve a comprehensive and coherent model and components for evaluating literary works. The theory developed by Hesam Khatib is one of the most important theories and the most comprehensive one for the study of literary works. In his view, in addition to the textual components (e.g., structure, content, style, and content), a work needs to have contextual and meta textual components to reach the peak of globalization. Compared to other axes of globalization, it cannot be considered insignificant, but the value and importance of this axis, like other axes, is important and vital. There may be many works that are structural and stylistic, original and creative, and have rich contents and themes, but the lack of contextual features has caused those works to move away from the border of globalization.

The novels of the Arab resistance in terms of translation into different languages ​​of the world have surpassed the Persian times and have won a greater share of the translation market and this is an important cultural channel and entry into the field of globalization. Apart from any prejudice and bias, with a scientific and fair critique, it can be concluded that Persian novels, due to their low quality, lack of a rich literary language, and lack of technically important narrative techniques, have a less share of this global market. The Holy Defense novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine, which has been translated into various languages, has these characteristics, and the author must be careful, obsessive, and knowledgeable in writing such novels, considering the appropriate subjects to write a great narrative, so that it can be welcomed across borders and conquer the world. This conquest means the penetration of the ideas and ideals of the revolution in the world with a good and fascinating novel and the later translation of it in the best way.Literary criticism in Arab countries, unlike Iran, is more dynamic and effective and is achieved through numerous critical approaches. This advantage over Iran does not mean that criticism in Arab countries, like in Western countries, is constructive, innovative and influential and has reached its ideal level. This critique is also far from the desired level of powerful critique trend; but, it has a relative advantage over Iran. Literary criticism in Arab countries, like Iran, is involved in imitating and following Western critical theories and schools of thought, but there are many Arabizations and attempts to localize literary criticism and associate it with ancient Arab critical trends. This is largely due to the rich history of literary criticism in the Arab world, which is in line with the trend of criticism in ancient Greece and has gone much further.So, contrary to common belief, cultural exchanges between Iran and the Arab world, especially in the field of literature, are very dim and worrying; however, there were very broad exchanges between the two nations in ancient times, which is not so in modern times. The best Arabic works have not been translated into Persian, and most of the studies on Arabic works do not go beyond student research. However, in the event of a warm exchange, especially in the field of resistance, because the novel The Resistance of Palestine has a considerable advantage, it provides the ground for the novel of resistance to flourish more and more efficiently. But the Arabs' use of Persian culture and works is proliferating, and as we have seen, the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine has been translated into Arabic, despite its short history. Also, other Iranian literary works, both old and new, have been translated into Arabic, and their use in the field of writing, translating and researching Iranian works is far greater than that of ours. Therefore, it is necessary for Iranian resistance writers to gain an accurate knowledge of the rich literary works of the world, especially the works of resistance, by examining and contemplating them, and to use them in order to promote their work.

The result shows that Palestinian literature has a higher status than Iranian resistance literature due to its contextual components. We have reached and witnessed the flourishing and conquest of the world by the eternal works of the of the Holy Defense literature of Iran and even the literature of the Palestinian resistance in the world.In terms of meta textual components, little effort has been made by the authors of the Persian Holy Defense novel, some of which go back to the authorities and others to the authors themselves in not creating works capable of being able to take the road to globalization easily. In explaining this point, it should be said that in this regard, the works should have the necessary ability to be allowed in the meta text channels and components, such as having dramatic events and the way they are processed, which provide the ground for its emergence and becoming a magnificent cinematic film. Persian novels, despite including such events, still need effort in creating epic works. To some extent, it is related to the relevant authorities who do not make much effort to identify these cases. In general, among the Persian novels, the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine, you can find the highest frequency of meta textual components such as translation, exhibition, and new media. The novel The Palestinian Resistance does not face any serious problems in terms of contextual components and has gained great advantages due to the attention and efforts of Arab officials and global attention to this literary phenomenon, which is mostly due to economic and political reasons, as well as fame and the universality of the events of the Palestinian resistance and the literary richness of the masterpieces have brought it a successful presence beyond the borders. They have meta texts, and Qanadil novel will be successful in the future if it has other components in this field, due to its new publication.

The two novels Umm Sahd and the memoirs of Da, because they both deal with the components of the resistance of the land of Palestine and the Holy Defense of Iran, they fall under in the category of narrative literature. This research tries to analyze the content of the two stories from the perspective of the narrator's style and viewpoint, based on the criteria of resistance and the approach of American comparative literature. the memoirs of Da, with documentary narratives, in a non-linear narrative action, and the novel Umm Sahd, using symbolic and mythical themes, in a linear narrative journey, in the creation of space and color, the use of far-flung scenes, and a variety of imaginative forms seem to succeed in achieving their goals.Zahra Hosseini, with the techniques of the first person's internal perspective (internal monologue, hadith, and dramatic monologue) and Kanfani, with a combination of the first person's internal perspective (two narrators) and the third person's external perspective (omniscient narrator, wise The whole limited and theatrical point of view) narrate the events of the story. Explaining the commonalities and differences of view, spiritual, social components and semantic layers of the two narrative works, acquaints the audience with the lifestyle and jihadi culture of the selfless men and women of Iran and Palestine because the main message of these two genres and their heroes was to resist the Ba'athist and Zionist regimes in defending the land. The findings of this study show that the themes of resistance, such as love for the homeland and its defense, self-sacrifice, faith and hope, etc. have been most evident in the two narratives.

The present research, in order to achieve its goals, has analyzed two genres through a microscopic reading and an approach to American comparative literature through a narrative perspective. In this regard, the novel Umm Sahd from Palestine and the memoirs of Da from Iran have been selected, both of which have been patriotic as a fictional indicator in the field of resistance literature. The present study, which is among the basic researches, is analyzed by referring to library resources and researches of resistance literature, and the discussion of the narrator's point of view and its effect on the "themes of sustainability" of the two stories are examined. In this way, the components of stability and the points of commonalities and differences between the two works are explained, and the prominent role of the author in presenting a better narrative by choosing the appropriate viewpoint becomes clearer.

Kanfani narrates the novel Umm Sahd based on the social environment of his life. His narrative originated from memories that had a factual aspect and became a novel. The novel Umm Sahd has two dimensions, realistic and cryptic, and can be discussed on the basis of the narrative style of imaginary and symbolic forms. The book Da is a collection of memoirs narrated by Zahra Hosseini. The siege of Khorramshahr by Iraqi forces forms the main focus of the book. One of the important features of the work is that for the first time, the events of the war are narrated from the point of view of a 17-year-old teenage girl and are real and documented. The authors of Umm Sahd and Da use various forms of imagination. These factors have caused Da to be included in the "memory-novel" group. On a higher level, Kanfani uses the "symbol" to bring the novel closer to the "myth" with the help of expressive elements beyond the senses and intellect. The main difference between the story of Umm Sahd and Da is the symbolism of the narration of Umm Sahd. The valley of the Kanfani novel Umm Sahd is a symbol of Palestine and Palestinian mothers. Another symbolic theme of this story is Kanfani's clever use of the characters of "Sahd" and "Saeed" as a symbol of "defense of the homeland" on a large scale. Kanfani and Hosseini have been able to draw and illustrate a picture of various subjects with the help of artistic perspective and creativity in the use of symbols, imaginary forms. The element of faith, perseverance, love of homeland and hope, struggle against enemies and adversaries is the basis of the narration of Umm Sahd and Da.

In his novel, Umm Sahd, Kanfani depicts the theme of the stability of Palestinian mothers in a painting full of poverty, displacement, and suffering. He uses the most beautiful and emotional literary techniques, symbols and myths. Azam Hosseini, as the compiler of the story Da, depicts the narrator's narrative path with the art of writing, the use of literary arrays, the description of the details of the scenes and the atmosphere of the siege of Khorramshahr in an empathetic way for the reader. The narrator of Da puts the first point of view of the inner person, using the techniques and techniques of introspection, self-narration and dramatic monologue, as the main axis of narration. To achieve the content of the story, Kanfani creates positive and negative characters and, with the artist, combines the inner narrator's "I" perspective with the external omniscient and the dramatic perspective. Both stories creatively use perspective elements to capture the theme. In deciphering Umm Sahd novel, it can be said that the narrator's character believes that the struggle will be the future victory of the Palestinian people; Therefore, by planting the withered branch of the hair tree, sprouting and sprouting in the knot of the story, the spirit of hope and achieving the ideals of the homeland is reminded. The two narrators emphasize the participation of classes and individuals in the defense of the country and speak of the unity of the Palestinian and Lebanese peoples, Persians and Arabs. They react to their opponents with disgust and hatred, and always remind them of their endurance and steadfastness in the way of the homeland and its defense. One of the most important manifestations of sustainability literature in the novel Umm Sahd and the story of Da is the presence of women alongside resistance fighters in defense of the country.

Persian poetry has experienced one of its most critical political eras in the contemporary history and the representation of positive and negative images of political figures is among the most significant achievements of the modern poetry. In this regard, Mirza Kuchak Khan Jangali is of particular importance, since he started a movement called The Jungle Movement and there are two distinct attitudes regarding him in a way that he’s been described either as a saint or bandit and rebel. The present research seeks to study the different attitudes regarding this political figure in the poetry of three distinct eras including Qajar era, Pahlavi era and Islamic Revolution era. The findings indicate that in most of the works, he has been depicted as a patriot, liberal, justice seeker, saint and martyr. However, the works influenced by political atmosphere, factional likes and dislikes and also inspired by foreign infiltrators described him negatively. Among many poets composing poetry regarding this movement, we can refer to Ismail Dehghan and Jafar Kushabadi as poets of Jungle movement.

Sustainability literature has been and is one of the most effective literary genres in reflecting the political and cultural conditions prevailing in society in different eras. Literature that has risen to oppression to achieve the ideal of justice and to revolt against the tyrannical rulers to restore the rights of nations."This literature; "It encourages the struggle against and resistance to anti-liberation currents and ensures the liberation, growth and prosperity of human societies." (Shukri, 1987: 11) One of the periods of Iranian sustainability literature is the period that covers from the constitutional movement to the era of the Islamic Revolution. Nowadays, we are witnessing the emergence of popular movements in the corners of the country, which are mostly based on the two axes of xenophobia and the struggle against internal tyranny and oppression of the rulers.

One of the most important popular movements after the Constitution until the Islamic Revolution is the Jungle Movement, which took place in the northern regions of the country from 1293 to 1300. This seven-year movement has a special literature, especially in the field of Persian and Gilaki poetry. In this study, we intend to examine the personality of its leader in the poetry of today.

Achieving this research shows us that the first character of the Jungle Movement, namely Mirzakoochak Khan, was quite popular and of course religious, except in terms of both the amount of poetry and the value of Mirza, the third period of the Islamic Revolution with periods. The former is very. It is different and the poetry of the forest in the Pahlavi period is small or at least less presented. Although Mirza is no different from the period of the revolution.

The encyclopedia of the war contains the humor of eight years of Holy Defense Which is collected based on the oral memoirs of Islamic warriors. The third volume of this encyclopedia contains all kinds of humor. These humor are categorized with a subject-oriented approach. Examining the humor functions of the Holy Defense, in addition to presenting another atmosphere of the fight that is depicted in the opposite point of the violence of war, shows its effect in softening and changing the atmosphere of the fight. This qualitative article, by means of content analysis, applies the theory of fun relaxation from Aristotle's point of view to the humor of the fight and in this way, with examining Aristotle's views on humor, it shows the function of the humor of the fight. According to the theory of fun relaxation, humor with the entertainment of the audience, causes pleasure and expansion.

 This article is written in a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources. The study of the functions of humor explains the reason for its occurrence and analyzes the philosophy of humor; On the other hand, the study of the humor culture of the fight and criticize of it from the point of view of philosophers will provide valuable results that will be useful in compilation literary texts related to the atmosphere of war, such as poetry and stories.

The importance of humor and its role in human life has interest philosophers and critics to study it. Among these philosophers, Aristotle proposed a comprehensive theory of humor that, by stating the place of humor in human moral values, the necessity of humor and how it affects human life. The humor of the fight is part of the fight culture, which is deeply connected with the moral and spiritual virtues. This study answers the following questions by examining the humor of the fight with emphasis on Aristotle's theory:What is the nature of humor and its function from Aristotle's point of view? According to Aristotle, what are the results of the analysis of the satire of the fight? What are the functions of humor in the humor of the front?

The analysis of the humor of the fight from a philosophical point of view, by reflecting the rich culture of the front, describes its functions. The oldest comprehensive theory of the philosophy of humor goes to Aristotle. By expressing the place of humor in human moral virtues, he introduces this feature as one of the ways to achieve human happiness and perfection. Aristotle, in his book Nicomachean Ethics, enumerates the principles and characteristics of humor, while noting the observance of moderation, and considers its function to be pleasure, comfort, and happiness. The necessity of humor and its sociality, the diversity of the scope of humor and the necessity of controlling it by emphasizing the factor of politeness and prohibition of the legislator are other characteristics of humor. Among the three groups of people, he considers good-natured people to be the best companions.Examining humor of the fight, in addition to the main function of peace and pleasure, shows other functions that are related to the main function, and for this reason, it is called the secondary or late function. These functions are classified into nine sections, which has had a significant effect on changing the violence atmosphere of war.

The unity of narratology and translation has given a new perspective to translations in how characters see the world and how their perspectives are reflected, the order of events, rhythm, focalization, and degree of specification in the story all and all become meaningful in another language. Narratology goes even beyond this and can build a bridge between linguistic elements and translator’s ideology and turn into a metanarrative when it goes beyond linguistic, cultural, and geographical boundaries and is integrated with translators’ ideology and reshaped in accordance with the structural beliefs of the target culture. This matter can be of high importance in translating critical texts, such as war texts since war is a reflection of culture and heroism of a country and engrosses the political, cultural, and religious identity of that country and realism is the main feature of texts belonging to this genre, thus the way of its reflection through the lens of translation can raise concerns.

In the present study, the ideology of the American translator, Paul Sprachman, in the English translation of the novel “Journey to Heading 270 Degrees” written by Ahmad Dehghan was investigated. Adopting Pekannen’s (2010) model of narratology, this study ties linguistic elements to narratological elements through a comparative analysis between source and target narratives, analyzing prefaces, interviews, reports, and news, then, it investigates into the ideology of the translator, thus connecting narrative elements to metanarrative.

Four main types of shifts were found which affected narratological elements in this study; shifts of expansion-addition characterized Iranian troopers differently. In English translation, Naser and his comrades have a concern for money, smoking and thinking about satisfying their worldly desires, this is while the Persian novel that Ahmad Dehghan wrote based on his personal experience in the war has not depicted such a picture for Persian language readers. Amongst the elements that the American translator has deleted from the translated text were Iraq’s strategy in using chemical weapons to destroy Iranian troopers, the name of Hoveyzeh, the city of Ahvaz, how Naser, the protagonist of the story, became injured, the inappropriate quality of the roadside clinics, and the scene of one trooper’s shell shock, were examples of shifts of contraction-deletion, such eliminations, which have mainly ideological roots, portray a different picture of the Iran-Iraq War for English language readers, an equal war without chemical weapons! There were also miscellaneous shifts in the English translation that revealed the distortion of some parts of the Persian novel that misrepresented Islam and Shi’ism and might cause misinterpretation for English readers who might have little acquaintance with Islam and the philosophy behind that, finally, shifts of order that changed chronologically the order of presentation of some events such as prioritizing school over the front and other stuff over saying prayers.

Analyzing critically and comparatively linguistic elements presented in the source and target narratives as well as interviews, prefaces, available reports and news, the researcher came to this conclusion that linguistic shifts of expansion-addition, contraction-deletion, and miscellaneous cases that affected the narratological element of the degree of specification and shifts of order that affected the narratological element of the order of presentation were mainly influenced by the translator’s ideology. An ideology that sees the Iran-Iraq War, the same as other wars, detached from epic, political and religious philosophy. Through this separation shedding light on the story, characters’ sight becomes worldly and mundane, and human values, senses of friendship, devotion, and sacrifice and patriotism disappear, some realities become concealed or distorted, and some priorities change their positions, and this itself may be just the begging to enter into a metanarrative that can be a topic of discussion for future research.

From the time when man, by forming a monolithic society and passing through cave-dwelling beyond basic needs such as food and clothing, thought of expressing his feelings and emotions and relieving pain, he found music to be the best means for this purpose. The important point is that gradually some people who acquired talent and skills in this field found a place and became an integral part of society. In the meantime, what is very important is that music has also been used in battlefields,and on this basis, one of the important issues is what musical instruments have been used on the battlefields, and more importantly, what impact and importance these musical instruments have had in battles. Also what was the role of musicians and musicians in military formation and arrangement.  Due to the prestige that music had in custom and among religious teachings; The musicians were introduced as court attendants. It is important to note that some musicians and musicians were on the same level as the upper classes of society and took an active role in advancing cultural, religious and even military goals among the Iranian dynasties.

In this research, by studying the narrations of Greek historians, religious books and the writings of some historians of the Islamic period, it has been tried to study different musical instruments as well as the use and ability of musical instruments in Iranian military battles and encounters with enemies. Also, to advance the research have been used, poetic and literary works and material references, as well as abbreviations and musical instruments that have been reflected in the research texts. Thus, through library studies, by arranging and processing the available information in a descriptive, analytical way, the research has reached results about the importance, position and capability of music in the battles of the Iranians.

One of the most important issues in the history of Iran is the study of how martial music and musicians helped the Iranian government in military conflicts. Also, according to the numerous wars that existed in different eras between Iranians with Eastern and Western enemies, what was the use of different musical instruments in organizing forces, conveying concepts and even achieving victories and successes. Martial music is a collection of special songs with symbols used on battlefields to convey a message or command that is meaningful to the commanders and soldiers of the same army. Also, military music is the music of awakening, movement, work, effort and war, and has aroused a sense of national pride of the troops. In ancient Iran, different musical instruments were used in ceremonies and battles, which according to the examples and in the written and material works can be said that in ancient times, the musical instruments used in battlefields were more than wind and percussion and the Iranians (especially in the Parthian era), unlike the Greeks and Romans who used wind instruments, used more percussion instruments such as drums. Another instrument that we find along with many drums in the writings of ancient historians was the kos or kust and trumpet, which were especially effective with the horn(hornpipe), especially to signal the army to start a battle or to enter a part of the army into battle. One of the first functions as well as the most important effects of epic music; It was to motivate the troops in the resistance against the enemies, and in other words, this tool was so strong in motivating and encouraging the troops to face the enemies that one of the tricks in weakening the troops' morale and defeating them was first to silence the music and then to overthrow the flag. Another military goal that music provided on the battlefield was to intimidate the opposition and exaggerate their own military capabilities. In fact, one of the uses of violent music such as drums, cymbals and trumpets in wars was to frighten the heart of the enemy and the more deafening these sounds were, the more useful the income of their own troops was in frightening the enemy and disrupting their order and concentration. Also, the important applications of music in informing and sending messages to the troops should not be neglected, because through this, the troops became aware of the commands and orders of the commanders, and based on this, the movements and actions of the division were organized in a regular and fast manner. In ancient Iran, during war trips, musicians who were organized as a group were among the troops and held special positions and duties in the military formation. In fact, according to the available reports, singers and musicians had a special place among the troops, and when enumerating the special and close relatives of the king, there was talk of three classes, the first two being soldiers and border guards, and the third, next to the army; were singers and musicians.

In the ancient world, in addition to feasts, music was also used very seriously in battles, and the soldiers used musical instruments in military exercises until they faced the enemy army. In fact, the soldiers woke up to the sound of an instrument and lined up, attacking, besieging, or retreating to the sound of music. In this way, the commands and orders of the commanders were heard by the soldiers in the form of military voices. What can be seen from the documents and material and written evidence, musical instruments had a special variety in the history of Iran and in expressing each message and conveying the meaning and concept of a particular instrument or instruments, it was used individually or in unison. And especially because of the existence of minstrel and the importance of epic narrations and the fact that the poems that told epic stories were accompanied by music, musicians and singers had a special place among the troops and the musicians and singers formed a certain section and member of the body of the Iranian army. These people tried to prepare the soldiers to face the enemy and to raise and strengthen the morale of the troops, and with their terrifying songs,were also effective in weakening the morale of the enemies.

War is one of the most violent and harmful phenomena for societies and nations. In addition to the violence and psychological damage of war, the issues of stability and defense of national unity and patriotic values ​​are among the important and obvious issues of war. The transfer of values, stability, resistance of the warriors and the brave men of Iran during the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, provide valuable experiences for children and adolescents. The history of Sacred Defense literature begins and continues from the first days of the war because the events of that time are present today and its memories and effects have remained in the minds, consciences and inside and outside of the generation that has reached the text of the events today. The resistance literature seeks to convey to the audience the human meanings of war or Sacred Defense. But, the main issue in this transition is to determine how the audience relates to these works because children and adolescents are far from the imposed war, at least in terms of time. Resistance literature commits itself to acquainting them with the sacrifices and resistances of warriors and to institutionalizing values, ​​such as endurance, self-sacrifice, empathy, etc. in them. The literary genre of poetry is a good platform for conveying the values ​​and concepts of war and resistance literature. Child and adolescent poets have made many references to war and the issue of resistance in their poems. It seems necessary to provide beautiful and objective images of war events and issues for this age group who do not have a complete experience and understanding of war events.                                                                            

The research method in this research is descriptive and includes content analysis. The method of collecting information is also in the form of library documents. Masoomeh Mehri's collection of resistance poems has been analyzed and studied in terms of rhetorical functions of the image.

The purpose of this study is to represent the war and its events to adolescents in the poetic illustrations of Masoomeh Mehri’s poems, one of the young poets in the field of resistance. The importance of presenting images related to the war, reflecting the sufferings, courage and perseverance of the brave men of Iran for the generation of children and adolescents and institutionalizing these concepts in the form of appropriate and imaginative images is a significant issue. The use of deep and inner imageries to connect the audience with the poems and internalize the concepts of war has required the poet to present and use effective images. Poetic images have been criticized based on the principles of rhetoric and imagery levels (introversion or extroversion of images, depth or superficiality of images).The research questions are: 1. what kind of images has the poet used to acquaint the adolescent audience with the concepts of war? 2. In addition to conveying the concepts of sustainability, have the poetic images been able to present an attractive and different image of war (reducing the burden of war violence) to the audience? And what is the function of each type of image in the poet's poetry?In the category of extraversion and introversion of images, the issues of superficial and deep images are studied and analyzed. The importance and application of this type of images in attracting the audience and institutionalizing the concepts of resistance and war for the audience including children and adolescents. In her collection of poems, the poet has paid attention to both types of images (deep and superficial). The poet's ability to use superficial and deep images appropriate to the situation of the child's audience is remarkable and thought-provoking. As the age of the audience increases, the poet increases the depth of the images. This can be seen in the book My Mother Iran Banoo. To be more effective, the poet deepens her poetry in terms of images and emotion. Another type of rhetorical images is the random image. Images that are formed through a deep and imaginative connection between phenomena in an abstract course and are exciting for the audience.

The results of the research showed that Masoomeh Mehri has used pristine and fresh images to represent and reconstruct the war and its events. All kinds of images of surface and depth, incidental and positive can be seen in her poetry. He has used positive images to express his national belief and patriotism, images that have both an element of imagination and emotion within them. It uses superficial images to describe the ugliness and cruelty and violence of war. Images whose emotional load reduces the violence and horror of war. In the collection My Mother Iran Banoo, Mehri depicts the beginning, the peak and the end of the war in 15 beautiful literary paintings. The poet's avoidance of stereotyped and repetitive images is the most important feature of this collection. The deeper we move the images from the beginning of the boards to the middle and the end. To the extent that it leads to the creation of amazing and random images. The sum of random and deep images has been used more than positive and superficial images. The reason for this is the poet's attempt to provide deep images of the war and to avoid repetitive and clichéd images. Using myths, historical sites (Alamut Castle), historical events (Mongol and Alexander invasions of Iran, burning of Persepolis) and referring to these events in the background, in addition to deepening the image, the poet provides the presence and participation of the audience in the poems.