فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 44 (شتاء 2021)

Suoshun novel, written by Simin Daneshvar, the first female contemporary novelist, can be criticized from different angles. Since this novel depicts the ups and downs of the life of an Iranian family with a rich cultural, social and emotional burden in the most critical and sensitive social conditions, its analysis from the perspective of the novel in the field of humanistic psychology, especially The theory of American humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow can also be examined. In this article, the researcher has studied the main female character in Suoshun, Zari, in a descriptive-analytical manner based on this approach. According to the results of this study, since the environment of growth and development and prosperity of the female heroine, the presence of a revolutionary, active and free wife, and the presence of influential people around her, the necessary conditions for cultivating and developing her inner personality to achieve human perfection and He has been self-fulfilling, so the evolution of his personality can be adapted and researched with different stages of Maslow's pyramid.

Psychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better analysis. The present study intends to analyze the personality of “Mena”- the narrator and protagonist present in a novel called “The Birds of September” written by Emili Nasrallah- a prominent Lebanese Writer. The novel narrates the failure and rejection of women of the Lebanese rural community including Mena and feeling inferiority, anonymity, and loneliness among them. Based on the Descriptive-Analytical method and within Adler's Individual psychological framework, this research aims to study the main feature of this theory, namely “Inferiority Complex”- and what reasons made her Mena's personality as well as the reflection of this feeling in her behaviors and compensation mechanism. Findings suggest that social environment and strict customs especially the dominant view of the father, the failure of love, and poverty have caused a feeling of inferiority in Mena. To overcome such feelings, she resorts to imaginary and incorrect methods such as using imagination and escaping from the reality of society and family which finally result in regretting, disappointing, and experiencing a sense of anonymity

New Historicists believe that a literary work should be evaluated in its historical context. It means that a work of art is written under the impacts of social conditions, formed in a particular context, impressed by various discourses, and it impacts on them mutually. On this ground, power as a set of relations (and discourses) is available at all times and has an intimate relationship with the dominant discourse and other narratives. So through written workes belong to a given era, critics will be able to find out power relations in that era and this helps them to achieve its meaning. Ahmad Shawqi in his verse play, under influences of social conditioning, embodied power relations. And his picture of power meets Foucault's terms regarding power. Foucault, as a new historicist, pursues power everywhere. As he says "Where there is power, there is resistance, and yet, or rather consequently, this resistance is never in a position of exteriority in relation to power", he crystallizes a binary operation between power and resistance. Furthermore, by evaluating this work, I show power relations among characters e.g. Cleopatra and Romans, Cleopatra and Caesar, Egypt and Rome. In the following, I illustrate the ways characters resist in the chain of power relations. Attendance of Eastern women in power positions is another matter which will be shown respectively.

Title:Analysis of the semantic sign of the story of the king and the maid of Rumi's spiritual MasnaviPegah Rasooli *PhD student of Islamic Azad University, RoodehenSt.p_rasouli@riau.ac.irShahin Ojaghalizade Assistant Professor Islamic Azad University, RoodehenFatemeh EmamiAssistant Professor Islamic Azad University, RoodehenAl-Tanfih and Al-Maraghah Al-Linguistics:Date of arrival: Date of acceptance:AbstractOne of the novel methods in the study and analysis of literary texts is the use of the sign-semantics model. In this approach, the process of producing meaning is linked to sensory-perceptual conditions, and signs, along with meaning, become fluid, dynamic, plural, and multidimensional. Considering the interpretability and breadth of meaning that can be seen in the mystical anecdotes of Masnavi. This approach was the basis of research in the story of the king and the maid from the first book of Rumi's Masnavi. The present paper, in a descriptive-analytical manner, seeks to examine the types of discourse systems used in this story. The results of this study indicate that discourse is dynamic and discourse evolution has given special effects to the story. Discourse systems have components of action, tension, enlightenment, with phenomenal, transcendental, ecstatic, ethical and cultural functions, and the action system based on stress with high emotional pressure has the most pivotal role. Also in the analysis of the text, how to produce and defer the meaning based on the functions discussed, is explained.Keywords: Sign - Semantics, Narrative, Spiritual Masnavi, King and Slave, Action, Tension, Susa.

Visual images are of great value in poetic scenes. The cartoon image is a visual image that aims to criticize society by distorting the existing image of reality and exaggerating its defects in order to indirectly attack the reality that is unable to meet the needs and needs of society. Therefore, caricature is one of the most important means of expression and the most powerful means of influencing and penetrating the mind of the recipient. And since caricature images usually lined with bitter and bitter irony, the result of this intertwining mixture was a wonderful color in poetry called caricature irony. Caricature irony is an innovative artistic tapestry that combines seriousness and humor in an ingenious way, where seriousness and humor are mixed, removing the breaks between them, aiming to push people to hit the nail on the head of the truth by portraying and amplifying the distortions of life.And since Abu Dalamah, the famous Abbasid poet, is famous in forums with the sarcastic poet, this study, based on the descriptive-analytical approach in presenting and criticizing the material, aims to highlight the images of cartoon irony, through Abu Dalama's poems. Finally, the research concluded that the cartoon sarcasm is a peculiarity of Abu Dalama's poetry. This pattern, in his poetry, along with humor and circumstance, became a defensive mechanism that the poet exploited to confront the social oppositions in society, fight their defects and combat their negatives, but without crossing the red lines

Indeed, the purpose of Ibrahim Nasrallah's thoughts in the novel "The Second Dog War" is to express the facts of the life of the Palestinian nation, which the novelist mentions in each style in a specific way. So how many of these styles have gone beyond their original meanings to acquire virtual meanings because of the beauty of the text and the stimulation of the audience's emotions, which Ibrahim Nasrallah has often done to a great extent. In this article, an attempt has been made to reveal the novelist's ideas using a descriptive-analytical method based on statistical style until To respond to the appropriateness of these styles and the three levels of language, including storytelling, description and dialogue, and the most important aesthetics of these styles in conveying meaning to the audience. The most important conclusion of the article is that the novelist has used From most syntactic styles 3406 times , so that the style of negation 1759 times: 52%, then the style of question 812times: 24%, Then the bet style 328: 10%, etc, referring to the view of pessimism prevailing over the oppressed Palestinian regimes, Because in the novel there are corrupt opportunistic characters who do negative things, especially The hero of the novel Rashed Opportunist who does everything just for the sake of his own nature, which is so full of evils that trade with human beings is a Repetitive events are far from moral and human values.