نشریه پژوهش های اقتصاد صنعتی
پیاپی 17 (پاییز 1400)

purpose of this study is to estimate the social cost of monopoly and economies of scale in the Iranian steel industry. In this study the Herfindahl-Hirschman index is used to understand the structure of the steel industry. Harberger and Posner indices are used to calculate the welfare cost. According to the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, Iran's steel industry has always been in a monopoly position from 1991 to 2017, although this monopoly power has been declining, this industry is far from beeing competitive. The results of the Harberger and Posner indices show that the social cost of monopoly has increased during the study period. Estimation of the cost function of the steel industry by seemingly unrelated regression methods showed that there is a possibility of inputs substitution. The most basic solution for the managers of this industry is to increase the production level in order to bring the production level closer to the optimal level.

Various studies in electrical energy markets show that the active participation of the demand side in the electricity market, under the title of participation in demand response programs, leads to lower electricity prices, elimination of transmission line density, increasing of network security and improving the liquidity of the market. Accordingly, and in order to get the most out of these programs, it is first necessary to provide an economic model and use it to increase the willing of clients to participate. In this study, a simulation of a economic model of demand response has been performed based on price elasticity of demand and utility function. Since the demand of electricity depends on various elements of decision, such as the price of electricity, level of participation, the value of incentives and penalties specified in the demand response plans, it has been attempted to simulate them in an economical proposal. The proposed model has been evaluated using data related to the city of Tehran. And the results of the simulation have been presented in different scenarios. The results show that time-based rate programs are not sensitive to elasticity, and in any case, changing elasticity is not a determining factor in choosing the optimal policy for market decision makers, and only by changing elasticity, technical and economic indicators can be improved. But incentive-based programs and combined programs are sensitive to elasticity, and changing elasticity, in addition to improving technical and economic indicators, is a determining factor in choosing the optimal policy for market decision makers.

One of the factors affecting the industrialization of the economy is human capital. In many previous studies, education has been used as a traditional index of human capital, but in addition to education, human capital is also affected by other aspects such as skills and health. Given that industrialization is a dynamic process, the present study has investigated the effect of human capital on industrialization in Iran during 1981-2019 by using the Generalized Moment Method in the context of time series and also applying traditional and comprehensive indicators of human capital. In this regard, using fuzzy logic, the comprehensive index of human capital has been estimated by considering three aspects of education, skills and health. The results show the significant growth of human capital during the study period. The results of estimating the model using the traditional index of average years of education showed the insignificant and inconsistency of coefficients and the estimation results using the comprehensive index of human capital showed that the promotion of human capital level leads to increasing value added of industry as a percentage of GDP. Also, the effect of the first lag of industrialization, labor force participation, capital stock and technical progress has been evaluated positively and significantly.

One of the major events of 2020 is the corona epidemic disease, which has a profound impact on the global economy and financial markets. Because stock market returns react to important events, this study examines the stock returns of food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, tourism, and hotel industries in the context of the corona epidemic. For this purpose, using the data panel method, we have investigated the effect of daily deaths due to the Covid-19 virus from 22/02/2020 to 31/07/2021. The results indicate that the death numbers due to Covid-19 have a significant and asymmetric relationship with the stock returns of selected industries. Other variables, including the exchange rate-US dollar and the price of 18-carat gold, were also examined and had a significant, positive, and negative relationship with the stock returns of selected industries. Further analysis shows the asymmetric effect of Covid-19 mortality on stock returns of various industries. So that the return on stocks of the tourism industry, hotel management has a negative and significant relationship with daily mortality due to Corona. The variable of the daily death numbers due to Covid-19 with the stock returns of food and pharmaceutical industries is positive and statistically significant.

Today, exports and diversification are among the most important factors of economic growth. This is doubly important for Iran, which has seen international sanctions in the last decade and the loss of much of its oil revenues. Therefore, identifying export opportunities and products in order to develop exports and diversify it is of particular importance. In this study, using the decision support model, export opportunities for industrial products with a pronounced comparative advantage of Iran are identified. Export opportunity refers to the combination of export product-export target market. The results of the survey show that out of 158 potential export target markets and 38 products with obvious comparative advantage, 107 export opportunities are considered as strong opportunities for Iran's export development, which are the most important potential export opportunities for Iran in There are Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, France, Indonesia, Belgium, China, Romania, Kenya, Kuwait and Georgia. Most of the products with strong export potential are related to petroleum products, petrochemicals, minerals and metals.

In this study, the effect of ease of access to financial resources on exchange rate transition in import pricing regimes has been investigated using Markov's rotational approach during the period 1973-2018. The results showed that importing firms in Iran follow three pricing regimes: low, medium and high. In all three regimes, the exchange rate transition rate is greater than one, and with the transition to a high pricing regime, the exchange rate transition rate increases. While in the high and medium pricing regime, the ease of access to financial resources strengthens the degree of exchange rate transition, but in the low pricing regime, the exchange rate does not change significantly. In addition, ease of access to financial resources directly leads to lower import prices, which is statistically significant and larger than one in the high and medium pricing regime. This reduction in the high pricing regime is larger than the medium pricing regime. The results also showed that the economy tends to be 40% in the low pricing regime, 40% in the medium pricing regime and 20% in the high pricing regime, and the average durability of the regimes is 2.00, respectively, 1.29 and 1.29 years.