نشریه نقد، تحلیل و زیبایی شناسی متون
پیاپی 13 (زمستان 1400)

Gilles Deleuse is a contemporary thinker whose rhizomatological theory (which is opposed to tree theory) has always been considered by thinkers. Deleuse and Flex Guattari, as two post-structuralist philosophers, collaborated with each other for many years and developed this theory in different ways. However, Deleuse's range of opinions is broad and related to various topics. According to this theory (which is based on epistemic and different artisticsystems can be generalized) the notions focused on the integrated, single-root, and center-oriented integrity are reviewed and replaced by a nonlinear, experiential, fluid, and multiplicative context. On the other hand, in the postmodernist poetry of Iran from the early Seventies Solar year has been existed; these approaches and challenges from both the poets' experiences and the theoretical debates and the poetry of the poetry of the era are tangible and expansive, and thus can be used to better understand the postmodernist poetry's identity against traditional and even modern poetry. In this paper, while describing Deleuse's ideas about the rhizomatic approach versus the tree, two poems of these two forms of thought and literature in today's poetry have been adapted and the most important differences between the two methods are classified according to the ten categories to be explained. Ali Babachahi, a representative of the postmodern poetry, and Shams Langroudi, a representative of the so-called "simplification" approach, have been chosen by the author to explain this situation because of their reputation, glory, numerous works, and literary rhyme and meter.

Sanai Ghaznavi is a wise mystic and poet who has the initiative of mystical and wise Persian poetry and has created a new atmosphere in Persian literature and is a kind of epoch maker. Someone who has been able to use the forms of Persian poetry, especially Masnavi and ode in the service of mystical meanings and educational poetry. It is no exaggeration to say that Iranian mystical poetry owes its position and rank to Sanai genius. He is a poet with a clear spirit, who confronts God, man and society not through the religiosity of the congregation, but through his own religion and his own perception. Whereas the poets of his time, usually in the courts, praised the kings and lords of force and gold, and were constant servants of the sultans, and their lives were secured by receiving peace; Sanai, with his unique ideas, has criticized the unhealthy situation of his time. This research has studied and classified the influential intellectual principles in Sanai's poetry and worldview.

Iranians, have had some beliefs as their own faith in society and family in their mind from ancient times. Certainly, these beliefs have some sources, and there has been a reason to write about them ,in addition, flesh out  or not these items has existed. For example, one can be refer to an imaginary creature such as “Roc” and “Dragon”, that has been prevalent since the pre_Achaemenian period in Iran and even in other  nations, also now is widespread too. Same everyone  knows well about this issue, it is impossible to find any piece of literacy works that are completely empty of this subject, and anywise, statement that contains the belief in a fictitious creatures or imaginary belief in a real existence is not on a sheet of paper. Absolutely, as we go farther away, due to the lack of modern equipment _which human enjoy today_ more and more, we will see the dissemination of folk beliefs and sometimes , utterly, superstitious about few works and existence. One of the texts in which these beliefs can be found , is the Nafsatolmasdur. This work, with all the simulation and heavy items, contains the factors and elements which, one to one signification such beliefs about fictitious beings or the mythological faith and common of the true and real creatures. Therefore, we decided to extract these factors from the text of this book and analyze, also sometimes explain their roots in this essay.

The aim of this study is to investigate different types of semantic normality such as simile,  metaphor, falsehood, permissible, anecdotal, contradiction, paradoxes in one hundred sonnets of Hooshang Ebtehaj. The ability to communicate and express words is one of the possibilities that mankind has used to the highest level of history in speech and writing. Among which the  arrangement of speech has always been the subject of speaker attentions. Therefore, there is a  sense of purity and adornment of the speech in all the elder works. Normality is one way to  understand and criticize literary issues in various aspects of the beautification of the art work in Russian Formalism School. Two ways of assimilation and succession help in the semantic normality of the poet based on the semantic rules governing the Norwegian language. Considering that the domain of meaning or semantic is more than the other levels of language in the highlighting, each poet who succeeding in terms of his talent and knowledge in this field will  have more pure poems. The poet or writer is looking for a more beautiful expression while  expressing the subject.In Persian linguistic studies and literary researches, the attitude of formalists has found a special place. This study examines the semantic abnormality and analyzes how to use the elements of semantic abnormality in Houshang Ebtehaj's poetry in different types of semantic abnormalities such as simile, metaphor, irony, metaphor, ambiguity, contradiction, paradox in one hundred of Houshang Ebtehaj's sonnets.

The word narcissism was first used by Freud. Of course, others, before Freud, used it in the sense of selfishness and humiliation to describe the psychological attitude in clinical psychology. This personality disorder often leads to projection. Projection is one of the psychological mechanisms through which one can understand the conscience and inside of human beings and gain a relative knowledge of their personality. Mawlana Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi (Rumi) in his works, especially in Masnavi, has paid attention to the psychological aspect of human behavior. This study tries to analyze narcissism and projection as one of the new concepts of psychology in the story of the Hunting and lion of Masnavi, with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library resources. The findings show that the disorder of narcissism and pride in our psyche leads to not seeing the facts and death. Rumi considers narcissistic personality to be the general problem of humanity and the way to cure it is self-knowledge and polishing of the soul. In the story of the lion meets himself and comes to his truth. In fact, the rabbit did not kill the lion, the lion's anger and narcissism and his lack of trust in God caused his negligence and eventual destruction. The issue of meeting in Rumi's language is sometimes expressed with interpretations and signs such as water, spring, stream, face, seeing one's reflection in water, etc., which evokes the myth of Narcissus in the world of myth.

Dual contrasts are among the linguistic factors that, by influencing the syntactic and intellectual level of a work, make its structure more artistic and in semantic and structural studies are the fundamental elements of achieving the structure, world of thought and thought of literary works. In this research, which has been conducted by library method and with the aim of better understanding the poetic world of holy defense poets, it has been tried to investigate the poems of this period with a descriptive-analytical approach based on double contrasts. were extracted in the poetry of three prominent poets of this period (Qaisarminpour, Abdoljbarkaei and Alireza Quzouh) and classified according to different types of confrontations. Data analysis showed that different types of contrasts (graded, complementary, ambivalent, directional, etc.) are found in the poetry of this period and complementary and implicit confrontations have the highest frequency. Another result in the study of these poems is that at the content level, concepts and thoughts are at odds with each other, and it can be said that the application of confrontations to the process of meaning and highlighting the concepts related to war, sacred defense and political, social, cultural issues considered by poets has helped and has been able to convey the mental concerns of poets through highlighting. Another noteworthy point in the application of contrasts is that they have a great effect on the imaginary structure of poems and are the basis of some literary industries .such as allusion, simile, pun, metaphor, etc.