فصلنامه توسعه ی آموزش جندی شاپور
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 41، زمستان 1400)

The aim of this study was to design and develop a structural model for managing students' educational engagement. Participants included 382 students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 1399-1400 who were selected by simple random sampling. In order to measure the research variables, educational tolerance threshold, educational conflict management and positive educational beliefs questionnaires were used. Amos software and path analysis method were used to evaluate the proposed model. The results showed that, according to the values ​​of the obtained indicators, the data fit the research model; The educational tolerance threshold variable is able to predict cognitive conflict, behavioral conflict and emotional conflict in a positive and meaningful way; The findings also showed that the variable of positive educational beliefs positively and indirectly mediates the relationship between educational tolerance threshold and academic conflict management. Therefore, according to the results of this study, increasing the educational tolerance threshold and positive academic beliefs in students promotes their level of behavioral, cognitive and emotional involvement and provides the basis for optimal management of academic conflict.

Academic dishonesty is a common immoral behavior in educational settings that helps people achieve the desired but unfair, illegal and indecent results. This was a correlational study aimed at predicting academic dishonesty based on moral identity, emotional self-awareness, and academic self-concept in medical students. The statistical population of the present study included all male and female undergraduate students of allied medical sciences studying at public universities in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. Of these students, 300 were selected using random sampling method. Data collection tools included questionnaires of academic dishonesty, moral identity, and emotional self-awareness, and academic self-concept. The face and content validity of all questionnaires were approved by the management professors, and their reliability was reported through Cronbach's alphas of 0.83, 0.74, 0.79 and 0.71, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and focal correlation analysis using SPSS version 24. The results of the present study showed that academic self-concept, emotional self-awareness, and moral identity are predictors of students' academic dishonesty. The results of the present study have important and effective implications for identifying the factors affecting academic dishonesty and reducing this problem in students.

The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has led to the shift from in-person education to e-learning in universities. In addition to its many benefits, e-learning also has its own disadvantages that can have detrimental effects on the effectiveness of education during the pandemic in addition to the problems caused by the COVID-19 crisis itself. Therefore, understanding the experiences and challenges of the students of universities can help education authorities in providing appropriate solutions to alleviate some of these problems. To this aim, this qualitative research was conducted using content analysis method. Structured interviews were conducted with 24 students in various undergraduate and graduate programs. Finally, the text of the interviews was analyzed by content analysis using MaxQDA2 software. Four main categories emeraged after data analysus: "Individual barriers to the effectiveness of e-learning" (sub-categories: personality traits, effects of family environment and facilities and resources); "Inefficient education" (sub-categories: quantity, quality, and order of content presentation and evaluation); "Negative consequences"(subcategories: lost identity, psychological stress, conflict in the use of cyberspace; and "Gains" (subcategories: available content, reduced costs, eliminaton of the problems of class attendance, family attendance and spiritual empowerment). Based on the results, students face serious challenges in the family environment and educational centers, and it is necessary to provide effective solutions to solve problems in universities, specifically and in accordance with the structure of their environment.

The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has led to the shift from in-person education to e-learning in universities. In addition to its many benefits, e-learning also has its own disadvantages that can have detrimental effects on the effectiveness of education during the pandemic in addition to the problems caused by the COVID-19 crisis itself. Therefore, understanding the experiences and challenges of the students of universities can help education authorities in providing appropriate solutions to alleviate some of these problems. To this aim, this qualitative research was conducted using content analysis method. Structured interviews were conducted with 24 students in various undergraduate and graduate programs. Finally, the text of the interviews was analyzed by content analysis using MaxQDA2 software. Four main categories emeraged after data analysus: "Individual barriers to the effectiveness of e-learning" (sub-categories: personality traits, effects of family environment and facilities and resources); "Inefficient education" (sub-categories: quantity, quality, and order of content presentation and evaluation); "Negative consequences"(subcategories: lost identity, psychological stress, conflict in the use of cyberspace; and "Gains" (subcategories: available content, reduced costs, eliminaton of the problems of class attendance, family attendance and spiritual empowerment). Based on the results, students face serious challenges in the family environment and educational centers, and it is necessary to provide effective solutions to solve problems in universities, specifically and in accordance with the structure of their environment.

Adopting a health-oriented approach in teaching Islamic Thought courses for medical students can be a source of dynamism and efficiency of these courses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of offering these courses with an approach to health issues and to provide a general framework for developing new topics in these courses. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2019-2020. Purposeful sampling included 22 instructors of the courses on theoretical foundations of Islam in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, along with experts in the field of Islamic education and specialists in the field of health who had familiarity with Islamic thought. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire prepared by the consensus and Delphi group methods. All participants considered it possible to present the theoretical foundations of Islam with a health-oriented approach in terms of the objectives of these courses and in terms of health dimensions (physical, mental, social, and spiritual). Also, 60% believed that it is possible to offer these courses according to the approved topics. All of the participants considered this approach useful and necessary for medical students. The proposed topics with a health-oriented approach were agreed upon by 72% of the participants. Accordingly, adopting a health-oriented approach in the theoretical foundations of Islam in terms of objectives, topics and dimensions of health is possible and its implementation is useful and necessary for medical students. The feasibility of this approach can be the basis for transformation, innovation and, consequently, greater efficiency of these courses. The suggested topics provide a good basis for revisiting these courses.

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Penn State Professionalism Questionnaire (first developed by Blackall et al 2007) to assess attitudes toward professionalism. This psychometric study was conducted through cluster random sampling on N=340 of medical students of medical universities in Iran. To determine the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, the Persian version of PSQP was developed for cultural adaptation based on international guidelines. Face, content, and construct validity and reliability were assessed. Out of the 340 participants in this study, 144 (42.2%) were male and 197 (57.8%) were female. The average age was between 24 and 30 years (89.4%). The mean ratio and index of content validity were calculated to be 0.9. The reliability of questionnaire was above 0.85. The highest correlation was between the variable of professionalism and the altruism subscale (0.92) while the lowest correlation was with excellence subscale (0.87). The correlation between subscales of PSQP was 0.825, which is at a high level. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using Varimax rotation on the 35 components, which showed that there are six subscales with high eigenvalue in which scale questions are loaded. It was found that the PSQP has acceptable validity and reliability in the Iranian society. The PSQP can be used to assess the attitudes toward professionalism. It is a suitable self-assessment tool to assess attitudes toward professionalism in medical students.

The aim of this study was to identify the requirements of ethics-oriented faculty members in universities of medical sciences. This qualitative study was conducted following the six-step method of Sandlowski and Barroso (2007). The meta-synthesis team consisted of faculty members specialized in the field of higher education management, familiar with the method of searching databases, educational planning, curriculum planning, and having a good command of meta-synthesis research method. Twenty-six relevant research sources were used as the basis for the analysis, which resulted in extracting 10 main requirements for ethics-oriented faculty members in universities of medical sciences. These included personal ethics, educational ethics, research ethics, faith, intra-university management ethics, inter-university management ethics, interaction ethics, responsibility ethics, and justice ethics. Data validation was done using validation and transferability techniques through researchers’ self-review and data alignment as well as researchers' reliability and alignment. Due to the pivotal role of universities in the future of students, the importance of recognizing and observing professional ethics in these environments is of special interest.

The main purpose of this study is to qualitatively study the external and internal components for the globalization of the educational program in Iran University of Medical Sciences With emphasis on human resource development management. The method of qualitative research and its strategy is thematic content analysis. The statistical population of this study consists of professors and managers of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Using purposeful snowball sampling method, 22 professors were selected. Data were analyzed using semi-structured interviews and data analysis based on thematic content analysis. The content analysis of the obtained data showed the situation of this university in two main categories of opportunities as well as the challenges of internationalization of the educational program in this university. Challenges and limiting factors were placed in two main categories of external factors (underlying factors and pressure factors) and internal (educational, administrative and executive process and services and support). Opportunities for the internationalization of the curriculum also included "courses from the rich Iranian civilization and culture", "joint courses", "supplementary courses" and "virtual and electronic courses". In general, and based on the results of the present study, it should be said that paying attention to internal and external organizational factors in order to develop the quality of the University of Medical Sciences in moving towards globalization is very useful and effective. ‌ Able to operate globally.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the intervening conditions in improving the e-learning quality of Farhangian University of Khuzestan Province based on constructivist and grounded theories. In the last two decades, constructivist theory has transformed the knowledge and skills needed for a successful life due to developments in the economic, social and technological fields. The statistical population of the study consisted of managers and officials of Farhangian University, as well as experts, thinkers and prominent professors of this university. In the qualitative phase of the research, purposeful sampling was used to select the participants while in the quantitative phase, stratified-random sampling method was used for this purpose. This study adopted a mixed-method approach in which open and axial coding were used to analyze the data. The results of this study introduced the "intervening conditions" in improving the educational quality of Farhangian University in Khuzestan province through educational media, social, cultural, and moral factors.

Although the main concern of countries and governments is to establish educational justice and expand educational opportunities for all students, and in a better sense, to respond to education, but this education has not been able to prepare students for the real world. The current education ecosystem is experiencing challenging. Education systems must be able to create a new paradigm and provide services to all, regardless of constraints or crises. The educational system should establish and implement a new paradigm to strengthen and develop it as a system of skilled man and create value and wealth for the educational community. It must break the existing paradigm which resists versus change, review comprehensively and adapt the educational content of different sections based on scientific developments in the world and the needs of the audience to be able to increase resilience to crises; Move towards creating a desirable, probable and believable future.

Medical students are one of the information resources in society and an effective human resource in providing health services to the community during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is necessary for them to receive sufficient education on this disease and so that they can provide services to the public. This study was conducted to determine the educational topics of Covid-19 for medical sciences. This study is a type of research in education based on needs assessment using a qualitative approach. It was conducted in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Data were collected from 109 faculty members through an electronic questionnaire. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data. Twelve common topics for all fields of medical sciences and 170 specific topics for 51 fields of medical sciences were extracted as the educational needs with respect to Covid-19. According to our results, compiling general and specific syllabi on Covid-19 and including them in the curricula of medical students is a necessity felt by students and professionals.

Addiction is global problem, and general practitioners, as the first line of providing health services, have the most contact with addicted people. However, the needs of a general practitioner in relation to addiction are not met due to deficiencies in the educational curriculum. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the knowledge, ability and needs assessment of physicians and students with respect to addiction. This was a descriptive study conducted in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in 2019. The study population included medical interns and physicians working in health service centers who completed a self-assessment questionnaire of knowledge, ability and educational needs assessment with respect to addiction. The results showed that most of the participants in the study considered their knowledge and ability in the field of addiction to be moderate and poor. Educational needs assessment showed that most general practitioners admitted the strong urge to teach addiction topics in general medicine courses. More than 40 percent of the practitioners had a high exposure to patients with substance abuse, and the most important educational need from their point of view was how to deal with these patients. The most common way to obtain information in the field of addiction was to use the experiences of professors. Due to the undeniable role of general practitioners in addiction management and according to the results of needs assessment, it is necessary to modify the general medical education curriculum in accordance with the needs of the stakeholders.

E-learning is a process in which information and communication technologies are used to design, manage, present, guide, exchange, support and develop learning. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting the willingness of faculty members to use e-learning. The criteria and sub-criteria based on which faculty members use e-learning were extracted from previous studies. Matrix tables of these criteria and sub-criteria were prepared and completed by faculty members working in the university on an hourly basis and the weight of the criteria and sub-criteria was determined using Expert Choice 11. Comparison of factor weights in independent subgroups was performed using Mann-Whitney test. The mean age of participants was 44.37± 7.64 years, and the majority of them (60.4 %) were men. The weights of personal, pedagogical and administrative / legal criteria were 0.395, 0.281, and 0.138, respectively. The following sub-criteria were the most important factors affecting the willingness of faculty members to use e-learning: Computer self-efficacy, skill in producing electronic content, poor information of professors in using information technology, lack of culture and publicizing for virtual teaching, and lack of policies, plans, and executive rules in this respect. E-learning is a special and exceptional opportunity that can be successful by removing the existing barriers and considering incentives and supportive factors for its use and application by faculty members and universities.

The purpose of this study is to specify the model of conscious trust in intellectual development of managers in Islamic Azad Universities. The study used a mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase of the study, grounded theory was used while the quantitative phase involved a descriptive survey method. Participants in the qualitative phase were professors and experts in management, educational sciences, sociology, and social sciences. Through purposive sampling method, 11 individuals were selected as key informants. The sample size was based on theoretical data saturation. The statistical population in the quantitative phase included all faculty members in Islamic Azad universities in Mazandaran province of whom 308 were selected using single-stage cluster sampling method. Research data collection tool in the qualitative phase was semi-structured interview whereas in the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the interviews was used. Data in the qualitative phase were analyzed using coding method, and in the quantitative phase Structural Equation Modeling in PLS software was performed to analyze the data. The results showed that underlying, causal and environmental factors have positive and significant effect on conscious trust. Conscious trust has an effect on the intellectual development of managers of Islamic Azad Universities of Mazandaran Province. It also has a positive and significant effect on strategies of conscious trust and intellectual development. Considering the value of R2 for conscious trust variables, conscious trust strategies and intellectual development are estimated as strong predictors. The development of intellectual capital to implement organizational strategies can lead to good organizational performance for the university.

The general medicine program in Iran includes four curricular phases: basic sciences, physiopathology, externship, and internship. The 1-year phase of physiopathology involves internal medicine, pharmacology, semiology (symptom and clinical examination skills), and pathology. Today, countries have designed specific curricula to train military physicians as part of general and specialized physicians. One of the issues that physicians in military medicine should pay attention to is new wars and methods of preventing and defending them. This research was done to examine the importance of human resources in military medicine and to study the readiness and professionalization of medical students. The aim of this study is to respond appropriately in military and critical situations. This research used a mixed-method approach. In the qualitative phase, a needs assessment questionnaire was designed, and the data were obtained from the analysis of the content of articles and opinions of 15 experts and university professors. In the quantitative phase, the Delphi method and snowball sampling were used. The questionnaire was completed by available samples who were 20 teachers and 25 students participating in the course. The evaluated indicators of the questionnaire were obtained from three categories: content, teacher, and system. Based on results, a three-credit course of military medicine training was added to the general medicine physiopathology phase and offered in four weeks in a theoretical-practical manner. The results also showed the importance of teaching military medicine training in physiopathology courses and using up-to-date resources of military medicine. This course can play a very important role in preparing general medical students for military contexts and critical situations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of innovation and intellectual property on knowledge-based economy in the information and communication technology industry using data panel method. This was a causal study involving quarterly data from 2009 to 2018. In this study, the impact of innovation and intellectual property rights on the development of ICT industry in eleven countries from the Middle East that are structurally similar to Iran was examined. These included the UAE, Jordan, Bahrain, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Egypt. The results confirmed the positive and significant impact of innovation and intellectual property on the knowledge-based economy (growth of information and communication technology industry). These results are in accordance with the research hypotheses. Also, the results of this research that were extracted and analyzed based on endogenous growth model show that innovation and intellectual property have a positive and effective role in the formation and realization of knowledge-based economy. Therefore, economic policymakers should take steps to strengthen creativity and encourage human resources to promote and develop inventions, and by enacting relevant laws and regulations to increase intellectual property rights for the benefit of inventors. This will lead to mutual growth of two factors: Innovation and intellectual property.

This article identified the dimensions of self-development from the perspective of elites, which is occasionally assigned to the city of Gorgan, to identify the dimensions of self-development of students' parents. This research, which was analyzed qualitatively using PLS software, performed self-developed dimensions and items from the perspective of elites for parental use. The importance of parents' self-development skills is important because of their relationship with educational institutions and their children, in order to make the ability of family members to adapt to the child and vice versa effective and efficient. In relation to the parents of students, the elites introduced 9 dimensions of self-development, which in order of priority are: individual values, social values, family health, and the role of self-development skills in raising children, job health, individual values, perceptual and moral personality. Individual knowledge, skills, attitudes of people in the community towards self-development. Achieving self-development dimensions is the product of formal education, counseling and conversation with the Association of Parents and Educators, teachers and psychological and social counselors, as well as exchanges with colleagues, friends and especially reading. These people are self-developed people who are trusted and respected by the society and like-minded people.