پژوهشنامه متون ادبی دوره عراقی
سال دوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

Translation acts as a bridge of thought as a bridge to transfer thoughts from different languages to each other. Poetry translation has long attracted the attention of translators and its translatability or non-translatability has always been discussed by translation theorists. In the field of translating poetry into Arabic, the poems of Iranian poets have always been of special interest and have overtaken other literary works. In this article, parts of the translation of Saadi Shirazi's lyric poems by Mohammad Alaeddin Mansour are examined from the perspective of descriptive studies of the translation process-orientation, relying on the theory of translation criticism strategies of James Holmes. Although Holmes himself believes that no translation of a poem is ever the same as or equivalent to the original, and that the practical limitations of the situation preclude the achievement of the equivalent, used to translate a variety of poems, it has identified four types of imitative strategies, allegorical strategy, structural strategy and deviant strategy, which are traditionally used to translate different types of poetry. The choice of strategy reflects the norms of the target language and specific cultural priorities in a particular language. The main result of the qualitative evaluation of Aladdin Mansour's interpretation indicates that his work is mostly based on imitative and allegorical translation, and in a few cases, a structural and deviant translation can be traced in his translation. .

The first step in recognizing, examining and criticizing a poet is to have a work by him that has undergone the least change and occupation. In the leading article, after introducing some ancient and valuable copies of Anvari's poems, the difference between the poems and pieces in Anvari's divan is corrected by Modarres's correction with this exquisite copy. The importance of paying attention to these differences becomes apparent when examining the literary and linguistic status of poems that are listed in ancient versions but do not exist in the two aforementioned corrections. These poems are from Anvari due to their stylistic features, and not registering them in the existing editions will cause Anvari's Divan to be incomplete. The non-recording of these poems (even due to ethics) and on the other hand the recording of poems that are not Anwari according to their stylistic features and ancient versions, makes any study of Anvari poetry, style, features and its critique impossible. Therefore, after a complete review of the eight ancient and original manuscripts of Anvari's poems, a comprehensive list of all the poems and fragments contained in this copy was prepared, and finally the difference between this list and the poems and fragments in Anvari's Divan Modares's correction by tables. In order to confirm the accuracy of their attribution to Anvari according to the number of times a poem or a piece has been recorded in the manuscript and also to examine their stylistic features, in order to comment on Anvari's poetry, its features and its critique.

Stylistics tries to reach the intellectual and linguistic layers of the author and the work methodically. Therefore, in this study, two works of the Timurid period, "Zafarnameh" and "Rashidi History" have been evaluated stylistic and linguistic structure in vocabular and syntactic layers relying on library and documentary studies, as well as inductive and analytical methods, and to some extent Rhetoric and the linguistic coordinates of the two works are shown by giving examples. One of the common currents of the Timurid period is imitation in prose writing. Mirza Mohammad Haidar Doghlat has also adapted several works in writing Rashidi's history and has mentioned the exact name of the work. In addition to using written chronicles, he relied on his observations and hearings, and in order to document his narration, he recorded the writings of old inscriptions and copies or the complete content of some letter. The rhetorical and linguistic comparison of these two works shows that they are complementary and have a kind of intertextual content and language relationship. Also, the frequency of Arabic compounds and words, the frequent use of adjectives and verbs, redundancy and synonyms are obvious features of the syntactic and morphological structure of the language of the two works; The difference is that Zafarnameh has an emotional language with technical prose while transmitting information, but the author of Rashidi history with a simple prose as a knowledgeable witness, has criticized and challenged a lot of Zafarnameh information to provide the first category information to the audience.

Literary influence is the discovery and study of intertextual relations in literary works and the analysis of the influence of earlier texts. Undoubtedly, in the field of poetry and literature, it is not possible to create a new poem without using the poems of previous poets; For centuries, the culture and literature of our country have been influenced by Hafez's lyric poems. Utilizing the specific interpretations and themes of her sonnets and the frequent use of poetic quotations in the structure of contemporary poetry, both in terms of form and content and guarantee, are some of the effects of this influence. In this article, the clearest evidences and the most widely used themes of Khajeh's lyric poems in contemporary poetry have been discovered and studied. The results show; The connection of contemporary poetry with Hafez's lyric poems can be seen in all types of poetry, from traditional, Nimai, Sepid and speech. The contemporary poet, while being influenced by the specific themes of Hafez's poems, strives with the goodness of novel analyzes and changes in expressive and novel industries such as ambiguity, brevity, simile and metaphor; Create new images. Borrowing from the range of words and weights of his sonnets, expressing his present, describing his beloved, or criticizing society. And in a few cases, with a verse or hemistich quotation, to convey the same or different message to the audience.

Amphiboly is one of the most important and artistic literary figures of speech. Sadi is a poet who by using his unique linguistic creativity, creates amphiboly in his own particular method. In Sadi’s word, there are hidden beauties and delicacies in amphiboly which few parts it have been achieved by scholars so far. In this paper, firstly the amphiboly figure of speech and its kinds from the books of rhetoric scholars have been investigated. Then it has been tried to consider Sadi’s novelties in amphiboly. It was concluded that as well as using all known aspects of amphibology which he has used in his poem, Sadi has used other different kinds of amphibology not being used in others’ poems and are his own novelty which should (are suggested to) be added to the rhetorical books.

Mantiq al-Tair is an important mystical poem in which Attar depicts "Journey to God" in symbolic language and expression. The important theme of this work is "Journey"; Journey from the people to the right; "Discovery" and "unveiling" are important meanings and meanings of travel.. The most important issue that can be addressed in this regard is what is meant by Simorgh and how it can be referred to even hypothetically and theoretically or even as a new discussion. Most commentators have interpreted Simorgh as the essence of truth. But in a new reading of the allegories and symbols in the logic of the bird, even in the form of a new design and opinion, especially in the symbol of birds, namely Simorgh, it can be said that by referring to close intellectual sources and worldview and measuring internal compatibility. A mystical text refers to Attar as Simorgh, a true "sheikh" or "old man" or "target" who addresses the "King of Birds" at the beginning of the story and in his allegory and introduction of birds; The discovery of "Simorgh" and reaching the position of "Simorghi" is an important principle and a special education and reminder that Pir Neishabour offers in his work and explains it with different techniques of storytelling and poetry.. The research method in this article is citation, analytical and inferential.