مجله پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال سی و پنجم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

It is very important in forest planning to recognize forest types and their classification in similar or different groups, their distribution pattern, mixture, frequency, dominance and abundance at the various area. Therefore, the purpose of current research is to identify, classify and introduce forest types, also determine some structural parameters and, other statistical components on these types. For this study, randomized-systematic sampling was used. After the statistical calculations, eighty sample plots were deployed. To understand the natural regeneration condition, five sub-plots were measured in each plot in four directions and the center of the plot. The seedlings height includes <30, 30-130 and, >130 cm was measured with decimeter precision. In this study, forest types have been classified based on factors such as physiognomy, dominance, species composition, physiographic conditions, and forest type extension. The results showed that 17 tree species belonging to 17 genera and 13 plant families were identified. The mean volume per hectare was equal to 317 silv, which beech, maple and hornbeam species have the highest proportion. The volume per hectare of beech stands includes 440.8 silv. Totally, the number of trees per hectare comprises 485 trees. More than 52% of the total regeneration belongs >130 cm height, 17.62% belongs 30-130 cm height and 30% belongs <30 cm height. Among the species, Diospyros lotus, Box-plants, Ironwood, maple, and beech constitute the majority of regeneration, respectively.

Nisin is a natural antibacterial that is used as a preservative in foods and drugs. The production of transgenic carrots containing recombinant nisin protein was investigated by Agrobacterium, LBA4404 strain and pBI121 plasmid. PBI121 plasmid was contains NPTII reporter genes with promoter CaMV35S and terminator NOS, respectively. In order to prepare recombinant plasmid, nisin gene first was identified . After codon optimization, were cloned between bamHI and SacI in pBI121 vector. Root, leaf, stem and nods explants of carrot were inoculation with agrobacterium suspension containing inoculum with different concentrations and were placed for different times of co-cultivation and they were also cultured in callus induction medium containing kanamycin and cefotaxime. The calli that were able to grow on the selective medium were selected and were transferred to the regeneration medium . Callus induction was observed in 40% of the explants. The produced embryos, after germination were transferred to the regeneration medium. The highest percentage of kanamycin resistant plants (45%) were related to the use of stem explants and bacterium concentrations of 0.6 to 0.8 and different co-cultivation times of 1 and 2 days and concentration of 250 mg/L cefotaxime. In order to ensure no contamination of plants to Agrobacteria and confirm the accuracy of gene transfer, polymerase chain reaction was performed using specific primers of vir gene and the accuracy of gene transfer was confirmed. Polymerase chain reaction was showed that 60% of hypothetical transgenic plants had at least one copy of nptII and nisin genes in their genomes.

Research on chromosomes helps to clarify the relationship between taxa. Chromosome number is the simplest parameter that generates valuable information in cytotaxonomic and genome studies of a species. In the plant genome, genetic information includes plant phenotypes, which is why cellular studies are so important.Chromosome number is one of the most important and helpful factors in examining the boundaries of species and genera in plants. In this study, the somatic chromosomal number of 7 species of native plants of Iran was investigated. In this study, Achillea vermicularis (2n=36), Codonocephalum peacockianum (2n=20), Cousinia multiloba (2n=26), Nepeta heliotropifola (2n=36), Pteropyrum aucheri (2n=22), Rumex elbursensis (2n=30), Reaumuria oxiana (2n=22) was reported. Chromosome numbers of Nepeta heliotropofila, Pteropyrum aucheri, Rumex elbursensis, Reaumuria oxiana were reported for the first time. The Chromosome numbers of mitosis of Codonocephalum peacockianum and Cousinia multiloba were reported for the first time. The purpose of this research is to complete the index chromosome of native plants of Iran. Analyses were performed by Micromeasure 3.3 and Excel softwares.

Saffron with scientific name of Crocus sativus L. is one of the oldest medicinal herbs which has always been center of attention and its performance depends on different factors. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of salinity stress on saffron plants and the role of foliar application of silicon and silicon nanoparticles in alleviating the impact of salinity. Saffron plants were treated at the four- leaf stage of plants by different levels of salinity (0, 75 and 150 mM), silicon and silicon dioxide NPs (0.5 and 1 mM) with four replications along 3 month. Aftert harvest, growth and biochemical variables were determined. The results showed that salinity reduced length of shoots and roots, fresh and dry weight of the aerial and underground organs, K+ content, K+/Na+ ratio and RWC. Forthermore, salinity incrased the cell death, amout of proline, glycine betain and Na+ and Cl- content in the treated plant. Foliar application of silicon and silicon dioxide nanoparticles improved growth factors, RWC, K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio. The results also showed applying silicon and nanosilicon decreased compatible osmolytes and Na+ and Cl- content. It can be concluded that Si and SiO2 NPs, especially SiO2 NPs, had the ability to reduce the toxicity created under salinity stress in saffron and could play an important role in increasing the resistance of saffron plants to salinity stress.

One of the important crop in the north of Iran that now many of them are at risk of disappearing, is tea plant (Camellia sinensis). In this study 60 accessions using 24 RAPD markers were investigated. Used RAPD markers amplified 219 bands that 81.28% of them showed polymorphic pattern. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) were calculated for all markers (0.29-0.50). Total calculated PIC for all markers was 0.49 that evidenced the usefulness and high level of efficiency of used markers for investigating the diversity of available accessions. The pairwise similarity coefficient between the accessions varied from 0.43 to 0.94 whit average 0.65 by using Jaccard’s coefficient. According to cluster analysis samples were divided into three main groups at 0.61 similarity and second group also created three sub-group (at 0.65 similarity). The notable point in this cluster analysis is that the samples did not follow the geographical pattern. Similar result was observed in bi-plot analysis. In comparing the similarity and genetic distance of the studied populations, it was found that there is a high genetic similarity between the tea populations in Iran (0.919-0.950). In general, the results of this study showed that when the samples are compared individually, they show high diversity, but when we compared them demographically, it is clear that the diversity between the populations are low due to the way propagation, cross-pollination of tea plants and the number of imported primary plants are restored.

Pelargonium graveolens L ′Her is an aromatic and medicinal plant which is widely used in pharmaceutical, perfumery and food industry. In this study, the effect of ultraviolet radiation with different intensities (0, 0.12, 0.26 and 0.38 W/m2) was investigated on P. graveolens in InVitro condition. The amount of total phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin, activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, proteins and activity of some anti-oxidant enzymes (Catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) were evaluated. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was measured by using 2-2-di-phenyl-1-picaril hydrazil (DPPH) method. Total protein content and chlorophylls a, b showed a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05), while the amount of carotenoid increased significantly (P≤ 0.05), when ultraviolet radiation increased. With increasing UV-B radiation, the activity of studied enzymes, total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins content increased significantly (P≤ 0.05). Also, with increasing radiation intensity, the mean IC50 of methanolic extract decreased. The decreasing pattern of IC50 was consistent with the trend of increasing the mean of phenols. The present results show that P.graveolens in response to UVB stress has increased its antioxidant capacity by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increasing the phenols.

Hairy root cultures due to the their higheir genetic and biological stability, high growth rate and rapid growth on hormone-free medium are an effective alternative method for production of secondary metabolites. In this research, the effects of different factors including type of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain (A4, 15834 and 2656), type of explants (leaf and petiole), inoculation conditions (inoculation time (10 and 15 minutes), co-cultivation time (48 and 72 hours), use and non-use of asetosyringone) and salts concentration of medium (MS and 1/2MS) on induction of hairy roots in valerian were investigated. Among the Agrobacterium strains, the highest percentage of hairy root induction and the number of roots per explant was obtained using A4 strain. Also, the percentage of hairy root induction and the number of roots per explant in the leaf explant were significantly higher than those of petiole explant. Among the different inoculation conditions, the highest percentage of hairy root induction was obtained in 10 minutes inoculation and 72 hours of co-cultivation and the highest number of roots per explant was obtained in 10 minutes inoculation and 72 hours co-cultivation in medium containing 100 μM asetosyringone. Also, the percentage and number of roots per explant on ½ salt concentration of MS medium were significantly higher than those of MS medium. The HPLC results showed that valerenic acid is produced at 3.77 mg/l in V. officinalis hairy root cultures.

Nanoparticles are used as a new group of elicitors for the production of valuable metabolites. In the present study, the effects of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) as abiotic elicitor on some phytochemical traits in H. reticulatus and H. pusillus hairy root cultures were analyzed. Hairy roots were obtained from cotyledon (H. reticulatus) and leaf (H. pusillus) explants Inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The effect of silicon dioxide nanoparticles concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) with two exposure times (24 and 48h) on fresh weight, antioxidant capacity and some polyphenol compounds in hairy roots of two Hyoscyamus species were investigated. Results showed that the highest hairy roots fresh weight (10.48 g) were found in the medium treated with 25 mg L-1 SiO2 NPs at 48 hours of exposure time in H. pusillus hairy root cultures. Overall High amount of DPPH (18.05%) and FRAP (6.26 mmol Fe+2 g-1 FW) was observed in H. reticulatus hairy roots elicited by 25 and 200 mg L-1 SiO2 NPs at 48 and 24h of exposure time, respectively. Rosmarinic acid content (9.02 μg g-1 FW) with 1.65-fold boost compared to control, was observed in H. reticulatus hairy roots culture elicited with SiO2 NPs (25 mg L-1) after 48 h exposure time, while this compound was not detected in H. pusillus hairy roots. The results demonstrate that silicon dioxide nanoparticles can be used as effective and abiotic elicitor to increase some polyphenol compound and antioxidant capacity in H. reticulatus and H. pusillus hairy root cultures.

Salsola crassa is a perennial halophytic shrublet, commonly grow in saline habitats as well as on sand dunes of Urmia Lake region. Salsola crassa has many uses such as: fuel wood, medicinal uses, forages and fodders. High soil salinity is one of the inhibiting factors that affects forage production in rangelands, so that salinity is the main barrier for seed germination . Therefore, in this study, the effect of different levels of salinity (0, 200, 400 and 600 mM) on the germination traits and phenolic, anthocyanin, flavonoids, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content in Salsola crassa were investigated. A factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design including three replicates was conducted. The results showed that phenolic, anthocyanin and flavonoids contents increased under salinity stress (P˂0.05). Salinity levels showed different effects on hydrogen peroxide content, so that the lowest and highest hydrogen peroxide were observed in control and 400 mM plants, respectively. Malondialdehyde content of the seedlings was not significantly affected by salt stress in 600 mM, while 200 and 400 mM treatments showed a high concentration of malondialdehyde rather than control plants. There was a significant positive correlation (P0.84) between hydrogen peroxide content and anthocyanin, phenols and flavonoids contents of the seedlings. The overall results suggest that Salsola crassa seedling has a strong antioxidant system which can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species in high salinity conditions.

In order to study the effect of uniconazole and bio fertilizers on grain yield, chlorophyll fluorescence indices and some physiological traits of wheat under salinity soil conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications in 2018. Treatments were included soil salinity in four levels (non-application of salinity as control (1.72 dS m−1 and application of 40, 80 and 120 mM salinity in soil or equivalent to 3.68, 7.37 and 11.06 dS m−1, respectively), by NaCl and application of uniconazole and bio fertilizers in seven levels (control or no application of bio fertilizers and uniconazole, application of uniconazole, mycorrhiza fungi, pseudomonas putida, mycorrhiza with pseudomonas, mycorrhiza with uniconazole, both application of mycorrhiza with uniconazole and pseudomonas). Means comparision showed that both application of mycorrhiza with uniconazole and pseudomonas under no salinity condition increased maximum fluorescence (82.17 %), variable fluorescence (287.5 %), quantum yield (65.41 %), chlorophyll index (106.23 %) , leaf nitrogen content (76.66 %) and relative water content of flag leaf (101.76 %) in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers and uniconazole under 120 mM salinity condition. Maximum of minimum fluorescence (F0) and electrical conductivity were obtained at the highest soil salinity level. Also, both application mycorrhiza with pseudomonas and uniconazole increased grain yield per plant about 108.84% in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers at the highest soil salinity level.

Salinity is one of the most important limiting factors for growth and distribution of terrestrial plants. Salt stress, by affecting the osmotic potential of the soil around the root, cause toxicity to plants, which lead to reduced growth, declined productivity, and impaired nutrient uptake. The Myrtus communis L. is an ornamental-medicinal shrub that is of particular importance due to its useful aromatic compounds, its uses in traditional medicine, and applications in natural ecosystem restoration and soil erosion projects. Few studies have been conducted on the physiological responses and resistance of myrtle to abiotic stresses and the limited available results make it difficult to generalize to all populations. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the regeneration and growth rate of myrtle shoots over different salinity levels (0, 100, 150, and 250 mM NaCl) under in-vitro culture condition. Additionally, some other physiological responses such as pigment content, relative water content (RWC), cell membrane stability, leaf proline content, amount of reactive oxygen species, biochemical parameters, and activity of some antioxidant enzymes, were also evaluated. The results showed that the salinities at moderate and severe levels (150 and 250 mM NaCl, respectively) significantly effected in-vitro growth and regeneration, membrane stability, carbohydrate and protein contents as well as leaf chlorosis and necrosis. The results also showed that RWC chlorophyll content, and resistance index were only affected at high salinity level, while lipid and proline content, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and ROS levels were relatively affected at all salinity levels.

To avoid more environmental pollution, it is important to find an appropriate way to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in metropolitan cities. The use of ornamental plants is a good choice to replace edible crops in soils of heavy metals contaminated. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect foliar application of humic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg/l) and cadmium application in different concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg) on growth and cadmium accumulation of sport turfgrass as a factorial experiment based on completely random design. The results showed that cadmium at 50 mg/kg concentration reduced growth characteristics. The growth of shoots was reduced at 250 mg/l of foliar application of humic acid. These results revealed that foliar application of humic acid can be used to remediate cadmium from soil in sport turfgrass. So, the humic acid at 500 mg/l concentration was achieved the highest amount of shoot cadmium accumulation from soil contaminated at 50 mg/kg cadmium concentration. According to the results of this experiment, since the amount of accumulation in mowed shoot was higher than others organs, this turfgrass can be recommended in phytoremediation of cadmium in contaminated areas with this metal.

Plant callus tissue has a variety of capabilities, including its use in the preparation of cell suspension cultures to produce secondary metabolites and beneficial natural compounds. In order to induce callus in four varieties explants of Rajabi Sefid Shiraz, Bidaneh Ghermez, Shahani and Makr Quchan from two hormonal compound groups of 2,4-D (in three levels) with BA and NAA (in three levels) with Kinetin were used. In most explants, the highest percentage of induction was observed at the third level of naphthalene acetic acid, which did not show a significant difference with the second level. The response of explants to different levels of plant growth regulators was different and dependent on cultivars, in induction and proliferation. Concentrations of 0.7 mg / l NAA and 0.2 mg / l Kinetin were selected to obtain cell suspension cultures, which good quality was obtained by several subcultures. After finding the appropriate concentration and composition of the hormone in the culture medium, the aim of this study was investigation of the diversity of Resveratrol cell production ability in different grape varieties under cell suspension culture. Measurements of the Trans-Resveratrol content of cell suspension cultures showed that the highest Trans-Resveratrol content was related to the cell suspension culture of Rajabi Sefid Shiraz. Differences in the genetic information of cultivars have been introduced as one of the most important reasons for differences in resveratrol content in grapes.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress in the arid or semi-arid regions of Iran. salinity-induced nutritional disorders may result from the effect of salinity on nutrient availability in soil and Reduction of nutrient uptake within the plant. In this study, seed germination and plant growth indices of Salicornia were evaluated in two stages. The first factor was salinity, including 0, 200, 400 and 600 mM NaCl and the second was Nano-Fe and chelated-Fe fertilizer. The experiment was carried out based on the factorial complete randomized design with two factors and three replicates. The results showed that with increased salinity, germination rate and percentage, Stem length, root length, seedling height, vigor index and stem weight were decreased. The 600 mM salinity in the vegetative stage caused a decline in growth, especially in the number of nodes, and root fresh and shoot dry weights. Nano-Fe and chelated-Fe fertilizer led to improving germination and a significant increase in Salicornia growth indices compared to control. In stress conditions, the application of nano-Fe more increased growth so that the highest root to shoot ratio (0.73) was obtained in the treatment of nano-Fe at 600 mM salinity. The maximum root volume and shoot height were detected in Nano-Fe fertilizer (respectively, 0.48 and 9.2) and chelated-Fe fertilizer (respectively, 0.43 and 8.8) that no significant differences between those. However, the application of both the nano-Fe and chelated-Fe, Particularly foliar spraying, can be useful in modulating salinity in the arid or semi-arid regions.

The seed germination of Plantago major requires pre-treatment in the off-season. Thus, the effect of gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate, cold, daylight and different Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) salt concentrations on the germination of seeds were studied. The modified Timson index was applied to calculate the germination rate. Effect of different concentrations of 6-Benzyl amino purine (BAP) or Thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with α-Naphtalen acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was studied for callus induction and regeneration of various explants.The results showed that cold, daylight and full salt MS medium are more suitable for high germination of P. major. The highest percentage of callus formation (100%) was observed in the most of the explants. The highest regeneration frequency (100%) was observed in leaf explant in MS medium containing 1:0.5; 1.5:1; 1.5:2 and 2: 1 mg.L-1 TDZ: IBA, as well as, 2:0.5 mg.L-1 BAP: NAA in stem explant and in root explant at concentration of 1.5 mg.L-1 BAP, 1.5:0.2; 2:0.2 and 3:0.2 mg.L-1 TDZ: NAA and 2:1; 2:2; 3:1; 3:2 mg.L-1 TDZ: IBA. 41.67 shoot number obtained with 1: 2 mg.L-1 TDZ: IBA in leaf explants, as well as, 27 shoot number in 1.5: 1 mg.L-1 TDZ: IBA and 20 shoot number in 2:0.2 mg.L-1 TDZ: NAA were obtained in shoot and root explants, respectively. For root induction, regenerated shoots were transferred into MS medium supplementation with 0.5 mg.L-1 IBA. The survival rate of plantlets was 80% and they were acclimatized in the greenhouse.