نشریه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Tillage plays a vital role in providing a suitable seedbed, controlling weeds, mixing fertilizers, and other inputs. Therefore, proper tillage management is of special importance in exploiting and maintaining soil stability. In this study, to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on grain yield and other agronomic traits, 23 promising cultivars and lines of wheat in different tillage systems (conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage) were evaluated in the form of split plots with a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment was conducted in dryland farms of tropical farmers (Kuhdasht city) in Lorestan province in the 2018-19 growing season. The results showed a significant difference between tillage systems and cultivar/line in grain yield. Also, the significant interaction of cultivar/line × tillage system showed a different response of cultivars and lines to tillage system treatment. This order indicates the need to select the appropriate cultivar/line for each tillage system. Among the top 10 cultivars and wheat lines in grain yield and other desirable agronomic traits, Paya cultivar and promising lines KANZ * 4 / KS85-8-4 and Line17 can be planted in warm and semi-warm regions of Lorestan province in all three tillage systems recommended to farmers.

In order to evaluate the effect of harmful extracts of russian knapweed, vetch, and rye on weeds control of french bean, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station, West Islamabad. Experimental treatments included cranberry, vetch, and rye weeds and their other pest extracts at three levels (zero, 50, and 100% of vetch, cranberry, and rye aerial part extracts). The results showed that the interaction of weed species and the concentration of allopathic extract had a significant effect on grain yield, 100-grain weight, biological yield, and dry weight of field weeds but had no significant effect on harvest index and ocular assessment of plant damage. With increasing the concentration of allopathic extract, french bean grain yield increased. The highest grain yield (981 kg.ha-1) was observed in plants treated with crap and the concentration of 100% allopathic extract. The lowest dry weight of weeds (12.33 g.m-2) was observed in plants under rye treatment at a concentration of 100% of the allopathic extract, which was not significantly different from vetch treatment at the same concentration. The decrease in the dry weight of bean field plants at high concentrations of other harmful extracts can be attributed to the control effects of the tested plant extracts. In general, increasing the concentration of allopathic extracts had an inhibitory effect on the density and dry weight of weeds and had a significant increase in 100-seed weight, pod length, biological yield, and grain yield of french bean.

Determine the optimal seed density is one of the most important aspects of crop management to reduce seed consumption (cost reduction) or increase yield per unit area. In this study, the response of four commercial wheat cultivars at different plant densities was evaluated at the research farm of the Faculty of the University of Tehran in 2019. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Wheat seeds of four cultivars (Ghods, Mahdavi, Marvdashat and M75-5) were sown at five levels (200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 plants per square meter). Traits height, number of tillers and spikes, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed that the response of wheat cultivars to changes in plant density was significantly different in most traits except tiller number, grain yield, and dry matter per unit area. The response of wheat cultivars to plant density was a positive trend so that the highest grain and biological yield of all cultivars was obtained at higher densities (350 and 400 plants per square meter). Ghods wheat cv. with the tallest plant (86.5 cm) and high fertility spike (164 spike per square meter) was superior to Mahdavi, Marvdasht, and M75-5 cultivars. Overall, the results showed that the application of density of 350 plants per square meter can be considered as the best plant density for autumn commercial wheat cultivars in Karaj region and similar places, which prevented the surplus consumption of improved cultivars seed (cost reduction), in approved with many researchers.

The present experiment aimed to investigate the effect of the combined application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on the growth, yield, and quality of wheat grains under drought stress conditions. Minaminokaori and Lalemi-2 varieties were used in this experiment. The experimental treatments were nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers, and drought stress. These cultivars were exposed to three levels of drought stress (well-irrigated, mild, and severe drought) after the flowering stage. The results showed that drought stress decreased wheat growth, grain yield, starch content, and water-soluble pentosan, but increased crude protein and phytate phosphorus content in both cultivars. The highest grain yield and grain starch content under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions belonged to Lalemi-2 cultivar. Whereas, Minaminokaori had the highest amount of grain crude protein, total pentosan, water-soluble pentosane, and phytate phosphorus. Moreover, the results of this experiment showed that the application of adequate amounts of NPK fertilizers could mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress. Furthermore, the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes such as Lalemi-2 cultivar is useful for minimizing drought-induced damage.

The current study attempted to determine adoption indices, such as estimation of Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal rate of return (IRR), and economic surplus (ES) due to planting of irrigated durum wheat Shabrang variety during to concern period. This research was carried out in  2018-2019. Data were collected from institutes, Jihad-e-Agriculture organizations, Agricultural Research and Education, and Natural Resource Centers of targets provinces through filling out the questionnaire. The methodologies of the research were adoption analysis and economic surplus criteria. According to the results, the mean adoption degree of Shabrang variety to total irrigated durum wheat varieties and total irrigated wheat varieties was estimated at 71.7 and 1.5 percent. The highest adoption degree of Shabrang variety belonged to Kerman province. Reducing cost per kg of Shabrang varieties to check variety was calculated 6.7 percent. Net present value (NPV) of breeding program and planted of Shabrang variety was calculated  16.7  milliard rials. The benefit-cost ratio of the concern was estimated at 7.2 the internal rate of return (IRR) of Shabrang variety was estimated at 43.5 percent. Thus, it can be said that the breeding program and planting of irrigated durum wheat Shabrang variety in the country are evaluated economically.

One of the important abiotic stresses in the arid and semi-arid world, including Iran, is soil and water salinity that reduces crop yield. Determination of damage amount of salinity stress to crops such as wheat is also essential. Since chlorophyll fluorescence analysis has become an important tool in fundamental and applied research in the field of plant physiology and agronomy, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity on chlorophyll fluorescence of 240 wheat genotypes at three levels of salinity (0, 9, 12 dS.m-1) in greenhouse conditions. After 21 days of salinity stress, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and related transients (Fo, Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm, Vj, PI, Fv/Fo, and ABS/RC) and the photosynthetic pigments were measured. All photosynthetic pigments decreased after salinity stress, and this decrease was significant in susceptible genotypes. Salinity also significantly reduced the quantum yield of photosystem II (Ø PSII) and the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and significantly increased the ABS/RC, Fo, and Vj parameters in susceptible genotypes.

The application of organic fertilizers has a vital role in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal plants. Calendula officinalis L. is an important medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family. Its extract has medicinal effects such as wound healing, anti-inflammatory, blood purifying, and antibacterial and contains essential oils, carotenoids, and amino acids. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications to investigate the effect of humic acid and vermicompost on some quantitative characteristics and essential oil composition of Calendula officinalis L. in the research greenhouse of the University of Nahavand in 2019. Treatments include control, vermicompost fertilizer in two levels of 100 and 200 g and humic acid in two levels of 0.5 and 1 g.L-1, and integrated treatment of 100 g vermicompost and 0.5 g.L-1 humic acids. The results showed that the highest amount of phenol was produced in the integrated treatment of humic acid and vermicompost. The highest percentage of essential oil (0.32%) was obtained in the integrated treatment of humic acid and vermicompost. Twenty-eight compounds were observed in essential oil, in which alpha-Cadinol had the highest amount. Also, the highest level of alpha-Cadinol was obtained in the integrated treatment of vermicompost and humic acid. It can be said that the use of organic fertilizers can be effective in improving the quantitative characteristics of marigold flowers.

Among the wild relatives of wheat, species in the genus Aegilops have a close relationship to wheat. Aegilops geniculata Roth (2n = 4x = 28; MgMgUgUg) is an allotetraploid, tolerant to various biotic and abiotic stresses that can be introgressed into bread wheat via hybridization and backcrossing. Here, we crossed three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD) cultivars ‘Navid’, ‘Omid’ and ‘Zarin’ with two Ae. geniculata accessions ‘386’ and ‘387’. ‘Zarin’ × Ae. geniculata ‘387’ and ‘Navid’ × Ae. geniculata ‘386’ crosses showed the lowest (11.93%) and highest (48.25%) crossability, respectively. Polyploidy was induced by colchicine treatment in some F1 seedlings and their fertility was compared to non-treated plants. Non-treated hybrid plants with the exception of Zarin’ × Ae. geniculata hybrids also produced F2 seeds. Chromosome configurations in metaphase I of meiosis were mostly univalent along with 3 to 4 rod bivalents. Chromosome numbers in the root tip cells of a sample of F2 seeds ranged from 45 to 65. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using (GAA)10 and pTa535-1 as probes, could identify parental chromosomes in the resulting amphiploids.

Seed germination ability is an essential step for optimum stand establishment. Seed priming includes very simple methods that could improve seed germination and establishment of the seedling. Satureja hortenssis L. is an aromatic plant used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. To evaluate the effect of priming on germination of Khuzestan, Isfahan, and Ardestan ecotypes of Satureja hortensis L, a factorial experiment on the base of a completely randomized design was conducted with three replications. Factors are four concentration levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 ppm) of KNO3 and three priming time levels (0, 24, 48 hours). Results showed that germination parameters reduced at 200 ppm of KNO3 and 48 h in the Khuzestan and Ardestan ecotypes, but for the Isfahan ecotype, 24h after treatment with 100 ppm KNO3 most germination parameters were reduced. According to the observed results, the best and most effective treatment for stimulation of germination is different for each ecotype. In conclusion, these results showed that the low concentration of KNO3 increased germination and seedling parameters, but the high concentration decreased studied traits.

To evaluate the quality of fields and seed plots in two wheat seed production companies in Tehran (1) and Alborz (2) provinces. The experiment was conducted in 2018-2019 on Sirwan, Baharan, Sivand, Pishtaz, Rakhshan, Pishgam, and Persian gold cultivars at Seed and plant Certification and Registration Research Institute according to PROJECT NO: 2-08-08-021-971216. The distribution of noxious weeds, other crops, and other species in fields was recorded. Also, seed samples were analyzed in a seed quality analysis laboratory for seed germination percent and physical purity. The results showed that the fields of company 2 were better than company 1. As a result, the number of other crops in fields of companies 2 and 1 were observed at 1.1 and 2.2, respectively. Also, the number of other species in fields was recorded for companies 2 and 1, 9.1 and 9.9, respectively. The most weeds that have been observed in fields and seed samples were Avena fatua L. In addition, 66.1% and 39.2% of total Avena fatua L. were related to companies 1 and 2, respectively. Meanwhile, according to the estimated seed sample for the number of noxious weeds and other crops before processing, seed production of company 2 was better than company 1. Also, wheat seed yields for the two companies were recorded at 5.0 and 4.6 tons per hectare, respectively. The physical purity was 99.6% in the two companies, but the normal seedling of companies 2 and 1 was 93.9% and  93.6%, respectively.

This experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications and five cultivars of red beans, including local of Azna, Derakhshan, Sayad, Goli, and Naz in Jihad Agricultural Service Center Al-Mahdi Town, Azna. Results showed that red bean cultivars differ in the characteristics measured (P < 0.01). The highest dry weight, LAI, plant height, distance between internodes, nodes number on the stem, seeds number per plant and per square meter, harvest index, grain yield per plant and square meter, and biological yield belonged to the Goly cultivar. But, the highest CGR was in local varieties of Azna. Naz cultivar had the highest number of leaves per plant, number of sub-branches per plant and square meter, and number of fertile pods per plant. But Sayad cultivar had the highest NAR, RGR, and number of seeds per pod, and the Derakhshan cultivar had the highest ratio of the pod to plant height and 100- seed weight. Except for the lowest seeds number per pod in Naz and ratio pod to height and nodes number in Goly, the lowest Other characters were obtained in Derakhshan. According to the results of this experiment, the Goli cultivar is suitable for cultivation in the study area. The study of correlation relationships showed high and significant correlation between yield, and biological dry weight (0.77**), leaf area index (0.72**), crop growth rate (0.66**), sub-branch number per plant and per square meter (0.61**), node number per plant (0.98**), seed number per plant (0.86**), 100-seed weight (-0.45*), pod-to-height ratio(-0.88**), distance between nodes (0.79), height (0.91**), biological yield (0.49*) and harvest index (0.61**).

In order to study the effect of intercropping (additive and replacement series) on yield and radiation use efficiency of safflower and chickpea, a field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and nine treatments at the research farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University during the growing season in 2020. Experimental treatments were include: sole crops: safflower (S) (25 plants.m-2) and chickpea (Ch) (25 plants.m-2), intercropping of replacement series: (70% S, 30% Ch), (50% S, 50% Ch), (30% S, 70% Ch) and intercropping of additive series: (100% S+ 30% Ch), (100%S + 50% Ch), (100% Ch + 30% S) and (100% Ch + 50% S). The results showed that the highest grain yield (190 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (1070 kg.ha-1) of safflower were obtained in additive series 100% S+ 30% Ch. The highest (1.47) and the lowest (0.86) land equivalent ratio was obtained from additive series 30% S+ 100% Ch and replacement series of 30%S+ 70% Ch, respectively. The highest radiation use efficiency (RUE) of safflower and chickpea was obtained in the treatments of 100% S + 30% Ch and 50% S + 50%Ch, respectively. The highest radiation absorbed (603 MJ.m-2) was obtained in the treatments of 100% S+ 50% Ch. Intercropping patterns of chickpea and safflower improved the radiation absorption and radiation use efficiency and increased the total yield per unit area and LER.