نشریه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار و تابستان 1402)

The most effective tool to prevent and delay resistance to herbicides, and increase weed control spectrum is herbicide tank mixtures. In order to evaluate the effects of binary mixtures of metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin on potato weeds, a field experiments was conducted in factorial experiments in a randomized complete block design in Ardabil in 2019 .The doses of metribuzin were 10.93, 21.87, 43.75, 87.5, 175, 350 and 700 g ai. ha-1 and halosulfuron doses were 0.78, 1.562, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 g ai. ha-1. The metribuzin:halosulfuron uses (100:0), (98:2), (93:7), (82:18) and (0:100)% mixture ratios with three replications. On the other hand, the doses of metribuzin were 10.93, 21.87, 43.75, 87.5, 175, 350 and 700 g ai. ha-1 and flumioxazin were 0.97, 1.95, 3.9, 7.81, 15.62, 31.25 and 62.5 g ai. ha-1. The metribuzin:f1umioxazin mixtures ratios were (100:0), (97:3),  (92:8), (79:21) and (0:100)% with three replications. The experiments were carried out on two-time levels: pre-emergence (7 days after planting) and post-emergence (75% potato emergence, 35 days after planting). The ED50 and ED90 values indicated (0:100)% metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin had the most effective treatment on total weed, convolvulus arvensis and setaria viridis biomass. Dose-effect curves demonstrated metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin followed an antagonistic effect based on the additive dose model (ADM) reference model.

Heavy metal pollution is one of the fundamental problems in human societies concerning agricultural production and is considered a major threat to human health. Copper plays a very important role in the biochemical activities of plants such as photosynthesis, respiration, transport of carbohydrates, regeneration and stabilization of nitrogen coexistence, protein metabolism. In order to investigate the effect of copper heavy metal stress on the biochemical characteristics and the expression pattern of catalase and glutathione peroxidase metallothionein genes, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design in three replications under greenhouse conditions. The experimental factors included pearl and dome genotypes and promising line N9108 and copper sulfate (zero, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 mg/kg soil). Sampling of leaves was done at the maximum vegetative growth (Zadox GS45 stage). The results showed that copper salt led to an increase in the expression of some genes in the studied wheat genotypes. The level of expression of genes in the leaf was increased compared to the control in the stress of copper treatment. showed significance. In general, the promising line N9108 under stress of copper metal showed a better response during stress in terms of gene expression and biochemical traits (chlorophyll level and cellular oxidation) compared to Morvarid and Gonbad cultivars.

Considering the need to produce fodder to feed livestock and poultry in the country, it is necessary to investigate the profitability of fodder leguminous cultivars in order to achieve the most economical cultivar and fodder plant in the regions. In this regard, the objectives of this present study were to determine return of some forage legume cultivars which were conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in research farms of Mazandaran and Lorestan provinces in 2018 and 2019. In this research forage legumes including four cultivars of faba bean, three cultivars of vetch, two cultivars of fodder green pea, and grass pea cultivar. In order to estimate profitability indexes was used partial budgeting technique, gross income, net income, benefit-cost ratio and the percentage of sales return in crop production. Results showed that, in Mazandaran province, the means of net income of the fresh forage production of faba bean (Shadan cultivar), benefit cost ratio and sale return was estimated 295.5 Iranian million rials/ha, 18.7 unit and 94.7 percent, respectively and in Lorestan province, the means of net income of the fresh forage production of fodder green pea, benefit cost ratio and sale return was estimated 277.95 Iranian million rials/ha, 10.2 unit and 90 percent, respectively. Therefore, in Mazandaran and Lorestan provinces, Shadan bean cultivar and fodder green pea of local cultivar were recommended as economic products.

In order to investigate the effect of seed bed and organic fertilizers on the yield and yield components of chickpea and weeds, an experiment was conducted in the form of complete randomized designs with 3 replications in Chardavol Agricultural Research Station in 2019. Treatments include the usual bed and false seed bed as main plots and chickpea plant feeding at four levels (no fertilizer application, animal manure, humus fertilizer, and compost at a rate of 10 t/ha) as sub-plots. The results showed that the effect of cultivation types treatment on yield and seed, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, and plant height was significant. Also, organic fertilizers had a significant effect on grain yield, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, grain weight, and plant height. The interaction between seed bed and organic fertilizers was significant on yield at 5% level and on the number of pods per plant at 1% level. The highest number of seeds per pod, maximum grain weight, and highest grain yield of chickpea are obtained with 1 seed per pod, 36 g and 720 g in compost fertilizer treatment, respectively. The total weed density in the dryland chickpea field was up to 10% lower under false seed bed treatment. False seed bed was well able to control the weeds of dryland chickpea and the best fertilizer in terms of weed management and improving chickpea yield was compost.

The grain filling process is influenced by two important factors: grain filling rate and length of grain filling period. Grain filling rate is an attribute that can be used in selecting genotypes under drought stress conditions. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the rate and duration of grain filling under different levels of supplementary irrigation in different wheat cultivars, in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Irrigation treatments at 3 levels: no irrigation (T0, rainfed), irrigation at heading stage (T1) and irrigation at heading + early seeding (T2) in main plots and cultivar treatment including five wheat cultivars named Azar 2, Rijjaw, Sardari, Sirvan and Homa were placed in sub-plots. The results showed that the T2 treatment with an average of 1.4 mg per day had the highest and the T0 treatment with an average of 0.9 mg per day had the lowest rate of dry matter accumulation in the grain. Also, Homa cultivar with an average of 1.3 mg per day had the highest and Rijjaw cultivar with an average of 1.01 mg per day had the lowest average grain filling rate. The T2 and T0 treatments with an average of 34.6 and 30 days had a longest and shortest effective grain filling period, respectively. The results of this study showed that supplementary irrigation in dryland wheat fields can increase yield and production stability by increasing the length of grain filling period and also increasing grain filling rate.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and biofertilizers on yield and yield components of four chickpea cultivars in dryland conditions of Kermanshah province, an experiment in the form of split-plot factorial based on randomized complete blocks in three replications in 2019 at Hamil Agricultural Jihad Center farm Islamabad-e-Gharb city was implemented. Experimental treatments include three levels of foliar application of salicylic acid before flowering (no consumption, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM) as main plots, biofertilizer at four levels (control, Phosphate barvar 2, Pota barvar 2, and Pota barvar 2 + Phosphate barvar 2) and four chickpea cultivars (Adel, Mansour, Azkan, and Goksu) as in sub-plots. The results showed that salicylic acid and biofertilizers and their interactions had a significant effect on grain yield and yield components. Cultivars were significantly different in all traits except the harvest index. The triple interaction of salicylic acid, biofertilizers, and cultivars also affected the number of empty pods, number of bi-seed pods, biological and grain yield, and harvest index. The highest grain yield (2499 kg/ha) belonged to Adel cultivar with 1 mM salicylic acid and combined application of Phosphate barvar 2 + Pota barvar 2 and the lowest grain yield (614.67 kg/ha) belonged to the Goksu cultivar and 0.5 mM salicylic acid and non-application of biofertilizer. The lowest grain yield was 75% lower than the maximum grain yield obtained. Therefore, the use of salicylic acid and seed inoculation with biofertilizers increased yield and yield components.

To study the effect of chemical and manure fertilizers on the yield of tobacco, cultivar K326, an experiment was conducted in Taqar Tappeh village (Golestan province) in 2016 in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments including chemical fertilizer (100%), livestock manure (at two levels of 10 and 20 t/ha), the combination of chemical and manure fertilizers (10 t/ha of manure + 50% chemical fertilizer), and no fertilization (control) During the growing period and before harvest, necessary evaluations were performed on leaf length, leaf width, leaf chlorophyll index (spad), leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf nicotine percentage, average price and gross income per hectare. The results showed that except for chlorophyll index, mean price and leaf nicotine percentage, other traits such as leaf length and width, fresh and dry leaf weight and gross yield per hectare were statistically significant. Comparison of means also showed that the highest leaf length (63.2 cm), leaf width (32.5 cm), leaf fresh weight (35851 kg/ha.), dry leaf yield (6343 kg/ha.) and gross income (508550072 Rials) was obtained from the combined treatment of 10 t/ha of manure + 50% chemical fertilizer. Therefore, the findings of this study showed that there is a possibility of combined application of chemical and livestock fertilizers without a significant reduction in tobacco leaf yield and no environmental degradation consequential in a sustainable agricultural system.

Smoke from burning vegetation is widely recognized as a germination cue, dormancy breaking agent and seedling growth stimulator. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke extract derived from burning the leaf material of Tanacetum parthenium on germination and post germination parameters of three medicinal species of Cuminum cyminum, Silybum marianum and Alyssum was investigated. Different concentrations of T. parthenium derived smoke extract (1:500, 1:100, 1:10 and 1) with control distilled water as a factorial design based on completely randomized design with three replications were used under both laboratory (for three medicinal plants) and greenhouse conditions (for C. cyminum). Different concentrations of aqueous smoke extract showed different effects on germination parameters in three medicinal species. The concentration of 1:500 was the most effective concentration for majority of germination parameters in C. cyminum. Root length, seedling fresh weight, germination percentage, germination speed and germination coefficient of S. marianum showed the highest means with high concentrations of smoke extract (1:10 and 1). In Alyssum, the means for majority of parameters were higher in low concentrations of smoke extract (1:100 and 1:500) compared to higher concentrations of smoke extract. Aqueous smoke extract derived from burning T. parthenium showed significant positive effects on germination parameters of three medicinal plant species. Based on these findings, we can use this extract to improve the germination parameters for other medicinal plant species that have problems with germination.

The experiment was carried out in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University in 2010 and 2009 for two years. The plants was sown in the crop rotation included vetchlings (Lathyrus sativus L.) as green manure and sunflower as the main crop and canola as fodder in the fall season. The experimental design was in the form of a split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, in which the main factor was the rotation system on 2 levels with and without green manure, including 1- green manure-sunflower-green manure- sunflower (GM) and 2- fallow-sunflower-fallow-sunflower (Fa) and the sub-plots were 5 types of nutritional systems including 1- zooponics organic fertilizer (Z100), 2-integrated fertilizer (75% organic zooponics + 25% chemical fertilizer (urea based on soil test) (Z75F25), 3- integrated fertilizer (50% organic zooponics + 50% chemical fertilizer) (Z50F50), 4- integrated fertilizer (25% organic zooponics + 75% chemical fertilizer) (Z25F75) and 5- fertilizer Chemical urea (F100). The results showed that the highest seed yield was obtained in the 100% chemical and 100% zooponics, and then in the 50% chemical + 50% zooponics fertilizing systems. Integrated feeding systems in both rotations efficiently increased the amount of soil organic matter.The fallow treatments had a higher amount of soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial respiration than the green manure treatments. The combined analysis of the data of two years of the experiment for the ratio of C/N showed that rotation had a significant effect and the mean comparison of the treatments showed that this ratio was higher in the fallow. Among the different fertilizing systems, 100% zeoponics treatment showed the highest ratio of C/N, and the lowest amount was found in 25% zeoponics + 75% chemical fertilizer. In general, by implementing integrated plant nutrition management through the use of green manure, zooponics and chemical fertilizers as an ecological approach, it is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural systems with the aim of reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers and increasing the productivity of the soil.

In order to study the competitive ability of wheat against weeds as affected by cultivar and nitrogen fertilizer application method, an experiment was conducted under farm condition in 2015-2016. The experiment design was factorial arranged in RCBD with three replications. The treatments were: A factor included wheat cultivars(Atilla, Sirwan, Chamran2, Shiroodi and Atilla weed polluted as control), B factor included nitrogen fertilizer application method included (broadcasting, strip application and split application). Urea fertilizer was used as Nitrogen source. Results showed that the highest weed dry weight (10.74g) obtained from broadcast application of fertilizer and the lowest weed dry weight (5.53g) obtained from split application of fertilizer. The highest dry weight of weeds belonged to Sirwan cultivar and broadcast application of fertilizer and The lowest dry weight of weeds belonged to Chamran 2 and Shiroodi cultivars and split application of fertilizer. competitive ability of Sirwan and Chamran 2 cultivars against weeds , was less than other cultivars and density and dry weight of weeds was more in different stages of sampling. The highest yield belonged to split application method and the lowest yield belonged to broadcasting method of fertilizer application.

Horsemint (Mentha longifolia L.) is a valuable medicinal plant in a wide range of natural resources in Iran. In this research morphological characteristics and essential oil percentage of horsemint in different habitats of South Kerman province was investigated. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design with four replications. The evaluated habitats included Dehbakari, Marghak, Sarduiyeh, Esfandagheh, Delfard and Jiroft. The results indicated that the highest pH, EC, magnesium, nitrogen and potassium was recorded in Esfandagheh. The highest phosphorus, organic matter and plant height was obtained in Dehbakari. Also, the fresh and dry weight of plants in Jiroft was higher than other investigated habitats. The highest number of sub-branches and number of leaves was related to Delfard habitat. The highest essential oil percentage was obtained in Delfard. Dehbakari and Marghak habitat had the lowest essential oil percentage. Therefore, suggested that with increasing altitude, morphological characteristics and essential oil percentage of horsemint decreased.

In plant breeding programs, selection is one of the most important steps, and its efficiency is highly depends on the genetic diversity of the population and the heritability of traits. Due to the complexity of grain yield inheritance, direct selection is not very effective to improve it, so it is possible to obtain the necessary information for indirect selection to improve selection for grain yield by using multivariate statistical methods. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationships between important agricultural traits, evaluate basic selection indices and provide the best indices to improve grain yield and identify the best quinoa genotypes to continue the breeding program to introduce the cultivar. For this purpose, 60 quinoa genotypes received from IPK Institute of Germany and were evaluated in the frame of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2022 in the research farm located in Kohdasht city. The results of phenotypic and genotypic path analysis of grain yield showed that the two traits of 1000-grain weight and number of panicle per plant had the most positive and significant direct effect on the grain yield of the studied genotypes. Also, the use of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients and the first row traits included in the path analysis model of grain yield as economic value led to the highest genetic benefit of the traits and therefore, they can be good and suitable indicators for the selection of superior quinoa genotypes.