فصلنامه روان شناسی افراد استثنایی
پیاپی 43 (پاییز 1400)

Most children with special learning disabilities experience a variety of social problems at school. Repetition of negative experiences in the classroom and improper interaction with peers provide emotional and behavioral problems that lead to decreased social competence in students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of skills training based on the social information processing model to improve the social competencies of students with special learning disabilities. This research was a Semi- experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The research population included all elementary girl students with a special learning disability (first to fourth grades) in Abarkooh city (Yazd Province) in the academic year 1398. From the target population, 16 students were selected as a sample using the available sampling method and were randomly divided into two (experimental 8 people and control group 8 people). The research tool was the 47-item social competence questionnaire of Flener, Lease & Philips (1990). After the pre-test, the intervention program Based on Dodge's (1993) Social Information Processing Model for 14 sessions was implemented for the experimental group. Post-test was performed for both groups after the intervention. To analyze the data, univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance was used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that training based on the social information processing model was in increasing the social competence of students with special learning disabilities at a level of 0.001. In general, the results of this study showed the efficiency of the social information processing model in increasing the social competence of students with special learning disabilities.

Given the problems faced by children with neurodevelopmental disorders in sensory processing; the aim of this study is to compare visual-spatial and auditory temporal processing in children with special learning disorders, nonverbal learning disorders, and attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The research method is Exe-Post Facto and its statistical population included girls and boys aged 9 to 12 years who were referred to the Child Psychiatry Center, Learning Disabilities Centers, and primary schools in the academic year 1399-400 in Rasht. 79 of these children were divided into three groups of specific learning disorders with dyslexia, nonverbal learning disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by convenience sampling. Data were collected using, the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills, (non-motor)-Revised (Gardner, 1996), Auditory Perception Test (Allen& Serwatka, 1994), and Auditory Problems checklist (Fisher, 1996). Research data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. The results show that children with a nonverbal learning disorder in all components of visual, and auditory processing components had lower performance than the other two groups. Children with dyslexia also achieved in the component (rotation and inversion) of visual processing and the component (duration) of auditory processing. Based on results and the existence of more deficiencies in children with a nonverbal learning disorder in sensory processing skills (visual and auditory) it is necessary to pay more attention to the signs and symptoms of this disorder in education to reduce the problems of these children by early interventions.

The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of parent-child interaction program training on aggression in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The experimental design of pretest-posttest control group design was used as the method. The respondents of the survey were chosen from the parents of the children who had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and referred to counseling centers in districts 1 and 3 of Tehran for counseling. The sampling method was purposeful and available. First, a call was sent to these parents, and after announcing the desire of the volunteers, the parents were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, parents were trained in a positive parent-child interaction program. To assess aggression before and after the intervention, the pediatric symptom questionnaire - CSI-4 by Gado and Sprafkin was used. The results showed that the parent-child positive interaction training program for parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has a significant effect on reducing children's aggression. According to the results, a positive parent-child interaction program can be taught to the parents of these children in order to control and prevent aggression as one of the consequences of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and empowering their parents to interact effectively with children.

Early maladaptive schemas can impair people's mental, cognitive, and emotional health. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of teaching skills based on schema therapy on the distress tolerance and psychological flexibility of female students with early maladaptive schema. The present study was experimental with a pretest, posttest, control group, and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population of the present study included secondary high school female students with early maladaptive schema in the city of Isfahan in the academic year 2019-20. 30 female students with early maladaptive schema were selected through the available sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 adolescents). The experimental group received eight seventy-five-minute sessions of teaching skills based on schema therapy intervention for one month (Sayyadi et.al, 2017). Two students from the experimental group and two from the control group withdrew from the study. The applied questionnaires in the current study included the early maladaptive schema Questionnaire (Young, 1998), the distress tolerance Questionnaire (Simons, Gaher, 2005), and the psychological flexibility Questionnaire (Dennis, Vander Wal, 2010). The data taken from the study were analyzed via the repeated measurement ANOVA method through SPSS23 software. The results showed that teaching skills based on schema therapy has a significant effect on the distress tolerance and psychological flexibility of the female adolescents with early maladaptive schema (p<0.001). According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that teaching skills based on schema therapy can be applied as an efficient therapy to increase distress tolerance and psychological flexibility of female adolescents with early maladaptive schema.

The use of new technologies such as virtual social networks (VSN) in learning environments, in addition to the impact on learning, has provided solutions that were previously difficult to implement. This is doubly important in the field of people with special needs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of VSN as an enriching medium on the communication skills of deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students and also to introduce the social network analysis (SNA) technique. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design and the statistical population was all DHH students in the 9th grade in Tehran in the academic year 2017-2018 who enrolled in DHH schools. The data collection tool was a name-generating questionnaire with verified validity and reliability. SNA was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant difference between DHH students' academic relationships after attending and educational activities in VSN. Therefore, VSN can have a positive effect on increasing DHH students' interaction and academic relationships.

The growth and development of any society are affected by the educated force of that society and identifying the factors affecting academic satisfaction and providing them is a step towards sustainable development. The aim of this study was to discover and investigate the factors affecting the academic satisfaction of gifted students. The method of the present study was qualitative using a data-based method and data collection was done through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the present study included male and female students of the first high school of talented schools in Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2020. The research sample was selected by cluster sampling and after interviewing 20 students, the effective factors were identified in academic satisfaction. It should be noted that data analysis was performed using three steps of open, axial, and selective coding. Based on the results of the research, open codes around 168 concepts, core codes including 21 concepts, and selective codes in 5 concepts under the headings of school factors, individual factors, family factors, attitudes toward intelligence, and community problems in dealing with the gifted and the lack of a gifted maintenance program (comprehensive programs from education to employment) were identified and extracted. Academic satisfaction is a good tool for evaluating the school and academic achievement of gifted students and strengthens the student's various factors in continuing the path of academic life and promoting academic satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of play therapy and neurofeedback on the executive functions of female elementary school students with learning disorders. The research method was experimental with a clinical trial with a multi-group pretest and posttest design. The statistical population was all female elementary school students referred to the Center for Learning Disabilities in Maragheh city in the academic year of 1998-99, from which 30 students were selected by available sampling as a statistical sample. The sample is divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Selected students were randomly assigned to groups. The instrument used for data collection was Connors' (2004) neuropsychological test. Multivariate analysis of covariance and posthoc were used for data analysis. The research results showed that the executive functions of the experimental and control groups are significantly different from each other (P< 0.05). The LSD post hoc test indicated that play therapy and neurofeedback have a significant impact on executive functions. Also, play therapy intervention is more effective in improving the executive functions of elementary students with learning disorders than neurofeedback.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of interpersonal creative problem-solving training programs on the creativity and social skills of labor children. The design of the study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and a control group. Using random sampling, 20 labor boys aged 7 to 10 years were selected and assigned as experimental and control groups (each group consisted of 10 people). The experimental group participated in a creative problem-solving program for 15 sessions (70-90 minutes each session). Forms A and B of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) and Teacher’s form of Gresham and Elliot questionnaire of social skills (SSRS) were used as the measurement tools. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software 26 and analysis of the covariance. The findings showed significant differences between the experimental and the control group in creativity and social skills. Accordingly, a creative problem-solving program is recommended as a preventive program for labor children.

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of (parent-child) interaction therapy on parenting stress, emotional self-regulation, and aggression in children with disinhibited social engagement disorder with and without attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group design. The sample consisted of 60 children 5-7 years with disinhibited social engagement disorder with and without attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder who were randomly selected and assigned to two control and two experimental groups. The parent-child Interaction treatment program was administered to the two experimental groups. Data were collected using by child morbidity questionnaire, Shahim aggression questionnaire, Abidin parenting stress, and researcher-made emotional self-regulation questionnaire.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that parent-child interaction therapy only on parenting stress and emotional self-regulation in children 5 to 7 years with disinhibited social engagement disorder with and without attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder is effective. Also, this method of treatment was more effective on parenting stress and emotional self-regulation in children 5 to 7 years with disinhibited social engagement disorder with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than in the group without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

This therapy can be considered an effective intervention for emotional problems and problems in children with disinhibited social engagement disorder with and without attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder.