نشریه مطالعات دفاع مقدس و نبردهای معاصر
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The purpose of this research is to study the role of memorials of martyrs on enhancing and promoting the religious beliefs in society. The hypothesis questions of it are how the monuments and memorials of martyrs can increase religious beliefs of society. Therefore, in this study, the survey method is used. The population of the research is all people referring to the Martyrs Monument, which by simple random sampling, 443 subjects were selected for the sample. This research has studied 4 memorials. Data has collected by the researcher made questionnaire and its validity has been proved using the opinion of experts and also its questioner by using the analytic factor. The results show that variable Martyrs Memorial has a total of %83 of the behavior of belief variable to predict or explain their variances. According to the results based on the determination of monuments of martyrs in the promotion of faith and its impacts on society, the conclusion that the doctrinal literature with respect to the adjusted coefficient of determination on research in support of research conceptual model and effects of Monument of Martyrs on the dependent variable, properly selected. The results indicate that the presence in the monuments, attend in the Memorial, the Testament of martyrs, the relationship with the monuments of martyrs, especially in big cities, lead to the strengthening of the components of theism, such as hope for the grace of God, approaching to God, the sense of servitude and strengthen components belief in the unseen one, such as familiarity with the Quran, strengthening the belief in aid of God, ties from the bottom of heart with Ahlebait and ultimately lead to strengthening the components of paying attention for Ahkerat such as paying more attention to the hereafter and the day of Judgment, increasing the love of meeting with God in society, especially among young people and the shame of sin Correspondingly. There for, in order to make the atmosphere of a society belief and full and use more    leisure and as well as being out of negligence and materialistic actions, therehave all our power to be applied strengthening the religious programs at the memorials of martyrs and providing material and spiritual resources of public space of society to be full of faith and the presence of martyrs aroma.

Since the remarks of Imam Khomeini, which said that " Acceptance of this (Acceptance of Resolution Number 598); is for me as a deadly poison, but I am satisfied to the sake of God and for His satisfaction I drank sips", in the acceptance of Resolution Number 598, it may create concerns that the war is not finished with the victory, so it is essential that the facts be investigated and be studied. This article is a descriptive – analytical study which has been studied the temporal conditions and position fronts and the position of the Iran-Iraq agreement on the issuance of Resolution 598 and the contents of it and its differences with the other resolutions issued by the UN Security Council at the imposed war and also, the happenings at the settlement of the imposed war. The results of it that has been done by library studying and related documents and analyzing of data, shows that the war is terminated with a severe defeat to Iraqi Baathist regime and all its supporters.

The phenomenon of war in all the sources, referring to armed conflict and with the advancement of technology the ways of war has changed. The main difference between our sacred defense and other wars is the choice of unique tactics. The most effective tactic in the battle field is also night rushing. This study, entitled "The role of night operation on gaining victory at operations in the eight years of sacred defense and performance of its victory in the war with America" ​​has been the mainstay of researchers. The main question is "What effects the night rushing had at the operations on eight years of sacred defense to win and gain victory?" This research in terms of the aim is functional and its methodology is descriptive- analysis and survey. For data collection about eight years of sacred defense and night rushing, we used the library and referred to the related documents so much it has been available to the extent possible and we gathered data and analyzed it by content analyzing. The results show that night rushing by limiting the martial abilities, artillery and armored of enemy and also its efficiency of human and equipments, can be an efficient replace for day rushing.Infact, in an asymmetrical condition a night rushing can be replaced on day operation.

Soft war is one of the largest and most sophisticated strategies of America and its Western allies for political change in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Supreme leader of revolution in the last two decades have introduced the soft war as the strategy of the enemy against the Islamic Republic. In this field, in order to better understand the society and elites, he has presented and well spoken explanation the soft with different literature. His Holiness met with a large gathering of Basij in 1388, said: soft war is a war by cultural and advanced sophisticated means. Also during the meeting with the families of the martyrs of Kurdistan in 1388 said: Soft War is the invasion to the boundaries of faith, belief and culture. Leader of the Islamic Revolution after the events of the tenth presidential election spoke about the enemies 'soft war against the Islamic Republic which has been happened and declared that country's current priorities should be to deal with the enemies' soft war. In soft war, enemy use the soft power, by means of cultural and mass media and try to achieve its goals. In order to confront the soft war there should be soft power, which is one of the main mechanisms to promote the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom in the society. This culture must diligently considered in cultural, social and economic planning, until the public space of our society be ready to accept the best and most effective high culture.

In the view of most analysts, many of the events in the region are to control Iran as much as possible and in some cases to occupy Iran so that the Zionist regime can slowly do its plans and progress in the occupied Palestine. In some cases, with the help of reactionary countries in the region, to measure the combat capability of Iranian forces to fight against American forces. The tactics used by the Mongols and ISIS, enabled them to achieve most of their goals at the time and in their target area. The purpose of this study is to examine the style of warfare and battle of the Mongols and who or what government has influenced them the most and has used their style the most. In this research, a descriptive method has been used. The information required in this research has been collected by library method and by taking notes from scientific and specialized books, scientific and research articles. The results of the research show that in order to comparatively study the fighting style of these two groups and not to miss a tactic, we have to examine the tactics of this group and the Mongol rule in three stages before the operation, during the operation and after the operation.

The subject of this study is to investigate the role of tribes of Ilam province in the sacred defense and in its borders security. Its main objective is raised in terms of this question: "Had the Nomads of this province any role in the war and border security?" Independent variable is: tribes of Ilam province and the effective factors in nomadic capabilities in relation to border security and the dependent variable is:" security and tribes Border defense in Ilam ". This study is an applied research with descriptive - analytical and survey method. In this study, data Have been collected by tools of library and documents studying, taking notes, studying maps and images as well as interviews, questionnaires and observation. In the library documents, we used the documents of security organizations and institutions, related published pamphlets and books and gathered the necessary documentation and interviews by inviting the leaders, tribal elders and influential people in the organizing them as a team and prepared it as a valid tool in the form of specific questionnaires. Then to verify the validity and do the analytical study, a questionnaire was distributed among the population. The results are collected and analyzed, which confirms that "the presence of nomads in the early days of the invasion of the enemy with the people supported manner and by slowing down the movement of enemy and in the continuation by active participation in the formation of combat, battalion, brigade and division organization were very effective. Finally, we conclude that the role of the tribes of Ilam province was timely, important, positive and effective at the security of border in the Holy Defense.

The Operation Valfajre 8 (Dawn) or Fatahe Faw due to its role in the aspects of political, economic and military developments in the Holy Defense and for its political - national, regional and international equations can be analyzed from different aspects and dimensions. Faw regions was considered as one of the silent place on the war with regard to political, economic and military of Iran came to the attention of commanders. For this reason it was necessary to conduct operations with strategic goals and contributing to the outcome of the war. The operation of Fav (Valfajr 8) which has been operated after two operations by the name of Khyber and Badr, was the largest operation that the Guard Corps planned and implemented in the second half of 1364. Implementing a large military operation in this important region, needed for an exact planning, special engineering actions, special protection affairs and huge supporting and transporting. In spite of these, Islamic forces by following the element of surprise and all these important affairs achieved to objectives which were expected from the operation thanks God. This study is the result of a research, it is in terms of purpose applicable and terms of methodology relies on a descriptive - analysis. Data obtained from documents and resources study by using the tool taking notes of succession factors in Operation Valfajr 8, and according to the given the title of study were reckoned. Then the system was used to analyze the factors to look at. The result of this effort is to achieve a systematic model about the Operation of Valfajr 8. In this paper, issues such as data protection, privacy and perspective from the preserving of the traditions, also the element of surprise and management information system and its role in the results of this operation will be familiar. We hope that this article will open a new window to the readers that study the operations of the Sacred Defense by MIS and encourage them to complete such papers by writing articles for the other operations of the Sacred Defense.

The operation of Karbala 4 took place on 3/10/1365 in the especial politico-military situation of the country. Islamic combatants in this operation by vanguard unmatched and intrepid divers in Najaf headquarters, struck to the line of enemy's forces (Saddamite) and seized the pentagon aria. But in this operation the Qods headquarter failed to achieve its original operational goals. Therefore, in order to maintain the forces the commander ordered to stop it after examining aspects of the operation.  Operation of Karbala four for a number of reasons was defeated and it could not play a significant role in determining the outcome of the war. In this operation, despite the efforts of Islamic combatants and many emergency preparations of divers units, the desired result was not achieved.  This research seeks to answer the question of what causes and factors in the operation of Karbala four led to be unsuccessful? In this article we have tried to explain different aspects of this operation, also the main factors of the failure of the operation of Karbala four are examined and finally scholarly,  counting and using the bitter experiences of operation and impartially it provides the growth and development of units to Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corp in designing and implementing the operation. Results of the reasons for the failure of the operation are as follows:   1 - Choosing a repeated tactic  2 - Choosing a small area for the origin of the operation 3 - US intelligence supports for Iraq's forces4 – Strict of over-protection  5 - Pride of victory in Operation Dawn eight and thus the design of a larger and extremely complex operation 6 - Crossing the Strait by divers and extreme care of it by enemy

The phenomenon of war in all sources refers to the armed conflict. Undoubtedly, with the advancement of technology the ways and the methodology of war have been changed. The proxy wars are different from the other wars in choosing ways and tactics. This study aimed to analyze and prioritize the military tactics of the proxy war of ISIL Takfiri group and provide appropriate solutions to deal with it. This study is an applied research for the purpose of it's aim and method is descriptive-analytic one. Data about the tactics of ISIL have been gathered through the library method by referring to the related documents and also by interviewing with the experts in this field based on the author's experience and finally it has been analyzed by the questionnaire. The results show that ISIS in its military operations (combat) mainly has used the tactics: ambush %80, suicide %75, attacked by %70, land using %75 and Psychological tactics: terror %90, rumor %75, demagogy %65, divisive and so on. Also the ISIS by training and equipping its forces has used the most modern and up to date equipment in its operations. To encounter with the tactics of ISIS, some suggested tactics such as ambush in-depth, enforcement raid at dawn with regard to the environment and also improving the welfare of people in the field of education, health, agricultural development and etc are presented.

"Social asset" as one of the most important implications in the new sociology schools is considered as one of the key factors in achieving social goals. The present paper intends to investigate the influence of continuation of the Islamic Revolution by identifying the quantitative and qualitative elements of social asset during the sacred defense. Hence, the main subject of this paper is "how the social and spiritual asset is functioning during the sacred defense". The main hypothesis is that the sacred defense has been based on the culture of Ashura of Islam by generating high social and spiritual asset has caused the resistance and uplift of the Islamic society of Iran against all powers of the world. The method used in this research is "descriptive-historical and analytical'. This paper has also tried to extract the texts through the method of documentary research while studying texts and works related to the period of the sacred defense using the document research technique and analyzing instances of following the culture of Ashora of Hosseini (AS) and concepts related to social components. In this research, structural, cognitive and communicational components of social capital have been identified and investigated during the period of the sacred defense separately. In this regard, the model of the most important examples of the asset of society as to produce, enrich and strengthen the social asset, as it is in Islam, and that these resources have been created resistance and victory during the time of imposed war. It seems that the revival and development of the Islamic Revolution, as well as the awakening of the Muslim nations of the world, are not possible in the pass of fighting against enemies without observing the model.

Iran-Iraq war is known as one of the largest and the longest wars of the twentieth century. In the war that occurred in the structure of the bipolar international system, international, regional and trans-regional powers were involved. America had an active and aggressive interventional role in this war as a trans- regional power. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, America began to restrict Iran in the aspects of politics and military. This paper tries to explore and analyze the role of America in the war between Iran and Iraq. The main question is that what is the role of America in the Iran-Iraq war? Answering this question, it requires the necessity of this research. The method of this research is the descriptive – analytic one .Data has collected through library studying and finally for describing and analyzing the rule of America in Iran-Iraq war, we have used the qualified method to analyze data. The result shows that as the imposed war was the outcome of the cold-war conditions, America had an important and ascertained rule on beginning and continuing of it.

This article tries to investigate the causes of wars, especially the Iraqi – Iran from the view point of  the defense and security analysts about the sacred war. Therefore, due to the nature of research and its topic and as well as respond to its questions, descriptive - analytical method has been used. This article is the kind of theoretical - applied research category. Methods and tools for data and information collecting are in a manner of Library – Documentation also referring to the speeches and sayings of Imam Khomeini and the Supreme Leader and Internet resources.  By analyzing the data, we can be reply the main question of "outlooks of defense and security scholars about the Iraqi imposed war against Iran?" In response to this question it should be said that the main cause of the war between Iran and Iraq was the struggle between two great powers of the West and East. These two powers considered the fledgling revolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a major threat to their targets. Therefore, they engaged in war with Iran by Iraq. The results with conclusions from the different perspectives, especially those of two leaders of Islamic Revolution on the sacred defense recognized, state that the common point of all theories about the Iraqi imposed war against Iran, emphasizing the changing of consequences as the main platform of war and instigating border disputes in vacuum of power situation try of and Iraqi efforts for compensating it and, most important of all, was the role of the two superpowers of East and West.