نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 35 (تابستان 1400)

The overriding element of passive defense in the field of agriculture is preparation for agro-terrorist attacks and early identification of risk factors. Passive defense leadsto sustainable agriculture by modifying the structure besides the effective protection and utilization of available resources and inputs. So far, the methods used to identify biological threats in the agricultural sector in Iran are based on laboratory methods, which in addition to lack of accuracy and sensitivity, spends a lot of time. In recent years, nanoparticles, quantum dots, Nano-structured platforms, Nano-imaging tools, and Nano-permeable DNA sequencing have been introduced as highly accurate toolsfor rapid detection of specific biological agents that could accurately and quickly detect pathogens and they are used to monitor and protect agricultural products and natural resources. In the same vein, the purpose of this study is to show how passive defense could be used as an indicator to emphasize the increased ability to prevent, detect, respond and recover agriculture and natural resources against agro-terrorist acts. This research is descriptive, analytical and applied in terms of type and the sample population, based on Cochran's formula, which includes 90 professors and students in the field of agriculture and natural resources. The results of the present study show that passive defense could lead to timely detection of agro-terrorist threats bychanging the approach from traditional methods to new technologies and the use of Nano-biotechnology.

Changing the attitude of governments to the use of cyberspace and of E-Government services is deemed a principle for developed states and also a strategy for less developed countries. An important issue in this regard is the security of this communication platform. This study aims to examine the new cyber security threats facing the Islamic Republic of Iran and provide solutions to mitigate them. Therefore, in terms of purpose, it is applied which is conducted by descriptive-analytical method, and the population is a range of specialists and experts in cyber topics and cyber security who are interviewed and new cyber threats, including 11 ones, to the Islamic Republic that are assumed to emerge in the future are explored. Then, these threats have been presented to a range of the target community for validation and ranking through aquestionnaire, the results of which have been analyzed through SPSS software. Finally, 16 strategies are developed to manage the prevention of these threats or mitigate their damage.

There is animportant point in applying the concept of managing the affairs of mosques; i.e. managing the affairs of mosques will provide a safe environment for the possibility of protecting this area from all kinds of injuries, defects and problems. Managing the strategic affairs of mosques and eliminating the shortcomings and problems leads to the satisfaction of individuals in interaction with those in charge. As a result of the development of religious and political customs, common beliefs, prevention from cultural, political, social and even security anomalies is provided. On the other hand, by producing and reproducing human identity and values in society, other vital values such as participation and cohesion, which are the manifests of national interests, national goals, national security, etc., will be guaranteed. The method of this article, in terms of quality is data-based and in terms of the type, it is applied-developmental, in such a way that all measures and orders of Imam Khomeini (ra) and those of imam Khamenei (ph) are extracted through Sahifa of Imam and the website of the supreme leader by means of note-taking and in the format of two files (Word and PDF) are inserted into MAXQDA software as data and after analysis and open selective coding, components and security indicators of mosques are developed. The population of the research includes documents made of all the writings and statements of Imam Khomeini and Imam Khamenei in the field of selected mosque affairs. They are essential for security andplay an essential irreplaceable role, so that each one of these components bears characteristics that are detailed in the text of the article.

This research, descriptive, is a mix of on-desk studies, observation and collection and recording of information and opinions of experts, whichafter evaluating internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats), the data are entered into the IFE and EFE matrix.SOWT analytical methodwas used to evaluate the ability and management deficiencies of prevention and coping with abnormal conditions of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. The results of internal factor analysis showed a score of 2.54, which indicates that the university’s passive defense management has a positive performance in using strengths to eliminate weaknesses, and a score of 2.48 indicates poor performance in using opportunities to deal with threats.Also, the results of the strategic quantitative planning matrix of passive defense management of the university, based on their overallweight in movement correction, have adopted a competitive strategy (ST). Strategies for preparing information and general plans in all fields (university funds) using companies, specialists and experienced experts for all national and strategic researchesand projects and proper planning to attract the credit of the ministry and donors and other local institutions, to support and provide servicefor critical situations along with updating depreciated centerswithwiderthreats in crowded urbanareaswas discussed and it was proclaimedthat by increasing the capacity of the hospital by creating suitable spaces and completing the field hospital and coordinating the use of sports and educational facilities ,creatinga shed or warehouse and storing medicine and equipmentfor use in emergencies isofmoreattraction.Accordingly, the university directors, to mitigate threats, should plan and strive in earnest and turn them into chancein such a way to provide for readiness ofCBRNE teams and use appropriate programs to increase the awareness of staff and individuals in the short and long term.

Soft power is attraction ofculture and values to convince theaudience, but what matters isthe use of toolsto gain soft power.Promoting the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran requires recognizing and using software resources in the countries, according to the context of the target country,andto use themforthenational interests. Among these contexts,isShiite Kurds in neighboring Iraq.Givenmany historical, racial, linguistic and religious commonalities of having independence in some provinces such as Ilam, the history of living in Iran at the time of exile, as well as their cooperation with the revolutionary forces in the imposed war, in the form of Ramadan camp, etc.,this tribehas a high potential to increase the soft power of Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the capabilities of our country’s soft power among the Fili Kurds (Shiite religion) of Iraq. The research method is historical-qualitative andits population includesdocuments, historical sources, as well as interviews with knowledgeable people or information gatekeepers. The sampling method was purposeful. The outcome of the study suggests that, given abundant commonalty between Fili Kurds and Iran, the Iranian soft power in Iraq could be promoted.

Spatial planningaffects security and tourism by paying attention to the specific capabilities and regional capacities includingeconomic efficiency, land cohesion, regional balance, improving the qualityof the environment,andthe history of civilization and eliminating deprivations. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to assess the consensus, importance and priority of tourist safety indicators with aspatial planningapproach in theIranianmetropolises. Thepopulation includes theIranianmetropolises in2020. To that end, it exploitstheDelphito identifyspatialindicators on the safety of tourists in the city, as well as consensus, importance and priority indicators. The sample size of the researchincludes 30 experts, and it appliesSPSS softwareto analyze the data.The results show that in the first round of Delphi, the highest rank is assigned to the level of financial and insurance in the field ofspatial planningwith an average of 4.7 and the level of social and cultural indicators ofspatial planningin the field of tourism with an average of 4.7. In the second round of Delphi, the highest average was given to access to protocols and health information. Thehighest consensus was assigned to the component of access to food (with a score of 1.67), and the greatest importance was given to the component of access to food, beverages, medicines and essential items (with a score of 91.67). The highest priority, respectively, on environmental indicators ofspatial planningin the field of tourism (with a score of 100); socialand cultural indicators ofspatial planningin the field of tourism (with a score of 100); infrastructureindicators in the face of natural hazards and crises (with a score of 100); levelof financial and insurance field ofspatial planningin the field of tourism (with a score of 100); accessto food, beverages, pharmaceuticals and essentials (with a score of 100); thereis a level of accessto accommodation centers (with a score of 100) and access to protocols and health information (with a score of 100).