Sustainable Earth Review
Volume:2 Issue: 1, Dec 2022

Hydrological models are used for various water resources application. To represent hydrological processes, it need parameters that achieve a discharge simulation as close to the observed series as possible. The simulation result depends on how accurately the models parameters are calibrated. The calibration of model parameters depend on various factors, such as calibration methods and selected objective functions. In this study, some of the automatic calibration methods were investigated and a comparison was made to give better prediction. Different optimization algorithms like SCE-UA, SA, and ROPE were used to illustrate and calibrate the conceptual model HBV-IWS. The study was conducted on the Upper Neckar catchment, Germany. The results show that almost all optimization algorithms gave a very similar result, but the ROPE algorithm seems to be more robust. This is due to ROPE giving a space of parameter values after calibration, instead of a single parameter set as in other optimizations.

The world today is transitioning from the industrial age to the creative age. In addition to meeting basic needs, the creative age seeks to meet their creative needs such as the need for imagination, mastery, vitality, innovation and curiosity. In such an urban city, with an emphasis on elites and urban planning specialists, urban planners and other related sciences, cities become attractive places to study, work and preserve urban elites, and by improving the quality of universities and scientific centers, quality of work, life quality, tolerance and lifestyle can move in this direction. In this regard, the present article has evaluated and analyzed the indicators of the creative city in the Zahedan. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied-developmental. Information was collected in both documentary and survey forms (questionnaire and interview). The statistical population of the study is the population of Zahedan is 672589 people and using Cochran's formula, the sample size is calculated as 324 people and the data were analyzed using factor analysis tests and Pearson correlation coefficient with SPSS statistical software.

Insects are one of the most important creatures in the Ecodistems, including the variety of locusts, due to their specific physiology, the coexistence and impact on the human food basket, high reproduction potential, and the direct impact of climate parameters on research, based on Interviews with experts in the field of agricultural Jihad and plant physicians have been selected as a factor analysis method. The purpose of the research is to represent the profound environmental effects on the life cycle of locusts. Biological and environmental parameters, respectively, with 19/32% of the variances, were at the forefront of the factors, because any unwanted changes in it directly affect all components of the life of the insect.Then the environmental factor which explains 17/67% of the variances and the third factor of the biological change, was the third with 16/21% of the variances. Agro-pastralism (invasion of locusts into rangeland and agricultural land) was ranked last with 15/07% percent of variances. The effect of all four factors on the flooding of locusts is nearly interrelated and with minor differences, so that the outstanding footprint of climate and environmental changes and then the reflection of locusts can be seen in the some way.

Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol as and atomic number 33 in the fifteenth and fourth periods of the periodic table. It is the twentieth most abundant element in the earth's crust, the twelfth in the human body, and the fourteenth in seawater. Arsenic contaminants in groundwater in the world include four aquifers in delta basins and alluvial plains, inland basins in arid and semi-arid regions, mining in areas with sulfide minerals, and geothermal sources. Researchers estimate that more than 500 million people worldwide are exposed to arsenic, and the worst type of groundwater contamination ever reported was in Bangladesh, where about 80 percent of the population is affected. Sources of arsenic contamination include natural sources such as rocks weathering, fossil fuels, etc., and human resources include drainage of acid mines, paint factories, glass production, etc. Controlling the concentration of this element in groundwater can be influenced by various factors such as oxidation and reduction (Eh), solution composition, type of sediment mineral, microbiological activity, etc. Methods of removing this contaminant include biological methods using bacteria and adsorbents such as titanium dioxide.

The diversity of natural processes including geological diversity (bedrock), geomorphic diversity (landform), sediment characteristics, geo-ecosystem in the Lar basin of Iran indicates the existence of geodiversity. Lar basin is located in the folded Alborz section of northern Iran and is limited on the east by Damavand volcanic and high peaks with 5594 m height. This research is conducted based on 1: 25000 topographic maps, digital elevation model, visible bands Landsat image version 8 on 26 August 2017 and field studies. The research method includes elevation zoning for landform energy mapping and landform fragmentation based on spectral homogeneity criterion, supervised classification and visual identification of the landfill has been performed to map the land surface and to calculate geodiversity indicators, the study area is divided into 46 zones. The findings of the study showed the existence of high and low geodiversity in the mountainous area and lowlands such as the bottom of river valley. This indicates a direct relationship between height and energy of the landforms. Also, most of the landform fragmentation in Lar basin and geological formation is located in areas with andesite, shale and green tuff. In general, the elevations of the center of the basin are around of Damavand Mountains and the northwest of the Lar basin has high geodiversity zones. These areas correspond to the high mountains, the glacial erosion range, the water distribution lines, and the first-order basins and rocky and bare lands. There are also mountainous areas with medium and low altitude or hillside with more slope and numerous valleys in the high geodiversity range. These two areas comprise more than half of the Lar Basin. In general, the geodiversity of the Lar Basin is dependent on elevation changes, diversity of geological formations, lithology, and vegetation.

Urban regeneration is a clear mirror that reflects urban thinking and planning in every national system. This process in Iranian cities is quite different from the other cities in the world. Many factors have been important in this process, but a major issue was socio cultural groups and nationalities like it has seen and studied at Montreal, Canada by author. The aim of this paper is to reconsider city sustainable development theory by analyzing urban regeneration processes with emphasis on cultural diversity or internal ethnic groups in Tehran. An analytical-qualitative framework is used to acquire an understanding of the specifications involved. Through impartial observations on two cities (Tehran and Montreal) over more than five years, this paper attempts to understand the effects of cultural-ethnic groups as social capitals on changing urban spaces. The results revealed that there are not any real multicultural cities in Iran and Tehran is a sample of local-internal multicultural city which its people are not serious social capitals or human forces in urban planning, implementation, and changes. Therefore, cultural capitals, which are consequential to urban regeneration process, as in the case of Montreal, have not been formed in Tehran . These findings may provide urban policy-makers in Iran and Tehran with social important facts for regeneration planning development, which helps to improve social capitals of cultural-ethnic groups.