نشریه توسعه پایدار شهری
پیاپی 4 (پاییز 1400)

Kermanshah is one of the major cities in the country that has encountered many problems in the process of urbanization during last two decades. This city has a high crime rate due to its special spatial, physical, and social conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study is investigation of spatial relationship between population density with rate of crime and hot-spot identification related to drug addiction in Kermanshah city. The research method is descriptive-analytic and applied type using Moran index and Kernal density estimation technique for urban hot-spot identification. Density classification method has been used to population estimation in statistical blocks of Kermanshah. The research population is addiction drug crimes which have occurred in the legal area of Kermanshah in 2011. Samples are 404 reported crimes of drug addiction in Kermanshah. The research findings indicate that the most important hot-spots of drug addiction are located in the southeast of Kermanshah. In fact, it includes the Jafarabad informal settlement area and Seyed Jamal-e-Din Assadabadi Boulevard, Rashidi intersection, Besat and Jamkaneh Streets. The spatial distribution of crimes is clustered and centralized pattern. There is a direct relationship between population density in these areas and rate of crime occurrence. Hence, most of hot-spot related to drug addiction are concentrated in densely populated areas of Kermanshah city. These areas have an inappropriate physical-space structure that led to less control and increased crime.

Iran is an earthquake-prone country that many cities have experienced the earthquake. Magnitude of earthquake damage not only depends on physical destructions, but also one of the major dimensions of earthquake hazards is social vulnerability. In this research, after reviewing the theoretical literature, selected indicators for urban sprawl and social vulnerability were chosen and data were extracted from census data of Iran and Geographic Information System (GIS) for Qazvin. Then, using exploratory factor analysis with SPSS software, these indexes were used for urban sprawl overhead in four factors of density, configuration, user and access (with explanation of variance 70.22%) and in one factor for social vulnerability (with explanation of variance 66.9%) and their maps were prepared. It was clarified that among four factors of urban sprawl only density has significant relationship (0.801) with social vulnerability. The urban sprawl phenomenon also shows a weaker but still significant correlation (0.440) with social vulnerability. Regression analysis showed that urban sprawl factors can explain 67.6% of social vulnerability. The relationship between vulnerability and density/urban sprawl is positive/negative. It means that increasing social density /decreasing urban sprawl will lead to social vulnerability decreasing as well. At the end, urban sprawl and social vulnerability maps and potential development map of Qazvin city are presented based on relationship between these two phenomena.

The development trend in Mazandaran coastline province over the past decades has caused the degradation of natural environment and increasing pollution of the Mazandaran Sea. According to the principles of urban planning, and by the approach of sustainable development for achieving a viable community, it is needed to prevent the increasing degradation of natural lands. Thus, the present study, within the framework of sustainable development approach, is trying to reduce the process of demolition of lands with natural values in case of Mazandaran coastline province. Based on the importance and environmental values of these lands and in order to prevent and reduce land demolition, it is necessary to plan with emphasis on ecological protection approach by modeling and forecasting of future developments. Thus, the purpose of this study is to predict land use changes in the year of 1420 and to determine how developments in the natural landscape are affected. After predicting land use changes, it is necessary to use a tool such as scenario to select a desirable situation that puts the least risk and threat on the natural environment. Therefore, using the selected geographic perspective model, urban development and land use changes were analyzed. Finally, it was concluded that the selected scenario, due to the relationship between urban and rural centers, could lead to the formation of a network of centers that could contribute to economic cohesion through strong links and interactions. In this scenario, construction is under the control of the urban and local management so that it can reduce the trend of speculation.

In many developed countries, the change in attitudes towards planning types has been used to achieve the desired outcomes. One of the new attitudes toward the idea of planning is the futuristic approach which today is employed in both urban and housing planning as an essential issue. Present study in terms of functional survey, is based on library documentation and in terms of modality is based on analytical-descriptive method. The purpose of the research is to identify the factors affecting housing planning of metropolitan of Tehran in order to improve the process of achieving desirable results in the future of planning. Thus, 26 effective factors were extracted from valid sources and designs. By questionnaires and interviews with experts (30 experts in relation to housing planning), the significance and value of each factor was determined, and eventually 18 factors were identified as the most important ones among four categories of social, economic, physical and environmental issues. Afterwards, they were evaluated by experts using Delphi questionnaire. Finally, the average of them as final value was evaluated by using structural analysis and Mic Mac software. Research findings show that factors such as land, vertical development, housing quality and strength, water resources, natural disasters and access are the most important factors and for each of them policies and strategies were suggested

Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) is one of the Environmental Impact Assessment methods (EIA) to bring subjective judgments in a transparent way into the EIA process. Whereas this matrix does not consider sensitivity and vulnerability, in this study the method was modified by adding the sixth evaluation criterion (susceptibility of the target environment, B4) to the assessment framework. With the help of criterion B4 the intrinsic values of the target environment of the project can be brought to the evaluation process and this way make the significance determination more realistic. Then using the modified RIAM method, site selection of landfill in Shabestar Township was confirmed. The effects of project activities in two proposed locations of the composting plant on four environmental components (Physical-Chemical, Biological-Ecological, Social and Economic) are evaluated by field survey, expert opinion and RIAM software. The results showed that the best place to build a compost plant is the second option.

Pattern of urban expansion in relation to growth of urbanization has led to an excessive horizontal growth of cities. To deal with this phenomenon, theories and movements towards sustainable urban development were developed, such as smart growth. In this theory, physical growth and development of the city serves the community, economy and environment to enhance the quality of life. Gorgan is one of the fertile cities in north of Iran, which, besides being a political center, also is the economic center of the region. Today, the urban sprawl phenomenon in this city is clearly visible, including destruction of fertile and forest lands around the city. In this research, it is tried to use the movement to determine the priorities of endogenous development in Gorgan in order to control the urban sprawl phenomenon of this city. To this end, various urban factors were matched to the ten principles of smart growth; these factors were transformed into a maps and information layers in the GIS environment. These factors were compared and weighed by Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis (AHP) based on their importance. Finally, areas which are susceptible to development are identified by the principles of smart growth in the city. Research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and the resources and data of 2007 have been used. The research findings indicate that the most suitable place for development in Gorgan city based on the principles of smart growth is the north and east to the north-east of this city and other places have less priority.