نشریه تحقیقات حقوق خصوصی و کیفری
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، بهار و تابستان 1388)

Postmodernists in the arena of International Relations maintain that it is possible to ventureinto the field and view its subjects and principles in different ways. From their point of view,the basic concepts of classical IR theories have collapsed and loosen their certainty and universality.In this new approach, what has previously been in the foreground can be marginalizedand the issues which have been downgraded marginal can be brought to the mainstreamof international studies. The main target of postmodernists like Der Derian, Ashley, Diutakand others is to problematize and eliminate those assumptions of IR theory. Which claim todemonstrate the reality at international level and recognize it through positivist methods. Thisarticle is divided into four sections: the first deals with the relationship between power andknowledge in the context of IR; the second discusses a summary of textual strategies appliedin postmodern approaches to international relations; the third section shows how postmodernismin related to the state, and the forth section briefly explains the ethical orientation ofpostmodernism.

Popper and Habermas’ political thoughts are formed based on the relationship betweenrationality and criticism to an extent that, despite their differences, the two elements playkey roles in their notions. Popper views rationality as a whole, and beside rejecting Habermas’historicity and antagonizing, he has rational and irrational totalitar. On the other hand,Habermas criticizes the uniqueness of scientific methods and emphasizes on the epistemologicaldifferences. Now the question is that: Considering rationality and criticism as twomain elements of Habermas and Popper’s thoughts, what are the similarities and differencesin their views?Our hypothesis is that the presence of rationality and criticism in both Popper and Habermas’thoughts has led to similar results regardless of the different mindsets they favoured.The present paper aims to demonstrate how Habermas and Popper reached the same resultsin site of two different ideologies they belonged to. The method applied here is comparative.The results may be used in academic and political milieu, civil institutions like politicalparties and directing politicians.

After the economic recession in 1970s, “Neoliberalism” developed a new market-drivenapproach to economic and social policy based neoclassical theories of economics, thatstresses on achieving effective individual freedom and skills in form of a private enterpriseto support the rights of powerful private ownership, liberalized trade and relatively openand state markets therefore seeks to maximize the role of the private sector in determiningthe political and economic priorities of the state along with a government that is assignedto create and maintain a fundamental and efficient strategy.The notion that occurred in response to the inefficient government and the existingcondition such as economic crisis, brought about the formation of various kinds of communicationsat different levels and promotion of the cooperation among Members of WesternBloc, which after the collapse of the USSR, the world witnessed great changes in internationalrelations among the world countries as well as development of the aforementionedcooperation among the countries gained their independence from communism. In line withthese issues and considering elements, the present article aims to study the extent of relationand influence of this movement with emergence and development of cooperation amongcountries in different fields with a tendency toward an increasing Globalization.

The collapse of former Soviet Union has resulted to erroneous interpretation that NATO has cometo an end. Thus, several political scholars such as Henry Kissinger, Ronald steel Hogh de Santisand Structuralist Kenneth Waltz talked about “The end of NATO”. For some causes such as theDevelopment of religious fundamentalism, International terrorism, the necessities of new democraticworld order and the security of Global economic order has turned the discussions on theresurgence and the Development of NATO Among several factors affected the development ofNATO in central Asia and caucuses, this article seeks to explain and analyze one of the main causesfor the development and geographical displacement of NATO, i.e. economic factors. As far as theconcern outhor concerns, the establishment of former Soviet Union has been the most eminentanti-mega trend against the Development and globalization of Capitalism. As a consequence, theGlobalization of Capitalism was postponed from 1917 to 1990. After the collapse of Soviet Unionand Chinese Economical over viewing, Capitalism Found a suitable opportunity to change into aworld Economic Hegemony and to reconstruct the new order. For multiple causes that have generallybeen commented by Immanuel Wallerstein, the theoretician of world order, Capitalism hasalready undertaken for geographical displacement and annexation of the new regions into its territory.The two instances on which, as Wallenstein believes, the survival of Capitalism is dependent.He maintains that the improvement of transportations, communications, and Armament steadilydecrease the costs of the annexations of new regions into central areas. moreover, heclaims that continuum expansions are deliberate process which benefit various military,political, and economical pressures and have overcome the political resistances in the territorywhich the mentioned Geographical expansion made. Writer believes that the NATO expansion is the prerequisite of Capitalism Development. Capitalism and its optimal functioningis vigorously related to the security. In some cases Central Asia is deemed as an originalregion for the world of economy.These origins confront multiple ethnic and religiouschallenges due to their ethnic and demographic structures. Last but not least, these originsare contiguous to the climacteric middle East, so they are likely to be affected by such criticalareas.Thus, NATO expansion is considered as necessary security coverage to createstability for foreign investment in order to benefit the current potentials and to decrease thecosts. This article says (Hypothecs) that the Development of NATO in Central Asia andCaucuses, decreases the annexation costs of new regions to World Economy in order toglobalizing the Capitalism, while reinforcing the security of stability.

In general, the social base, actors, and the democratic discourse prevalent in the Oil NationalizationMovement, belonged to the new middle class. In this movement the new middleclass was the main structural or social base of the transition which tried to fulfil this goalin a specific historical conditions (1328-32), when in the field of politics the relationshipamongst the ruling political actors for transition to democracy were favourable. In themeantime, the new middle class through the establishment of national front and accessionof executive power, was able to fulfil the first two phases of transition, ie, the defeat ofauthoritarian forces and the boos of democratic institutions. However, owing to variouschallenges and obstacles they were unable to fulfil the third stage, namely, establishmentand strengthening the democratic institutions. As a result, the process of democratizationwas incomplete and, soon after, authoritarian rule once again became the dominant force inthe Iranian society.

Due to the hegemony of “Conspiracy Fancy Discourse” in Iran’s society since last century, therehave been overstatements regarding the role of Britain’s government at coup. 1921.There are several critical analyses over this doctrine of the notion of “Britain’s plot to achieve anauthoritative sovereignty in Iran” which make it implausible.In fact, the coup. 1921 was the result of the emersion of a new autonomous discourse in Iran onthe verge of the coup 1921 occurrence

Many authorities believe that new attitude to the concept of Code, Natural Law and InternationalLaw has been theorized through Thomas Hobbes viewpoints in the ground of modernthought. The influence of Natural law theories in the International Law began along withfrom the beginning of 16th century the genesis of International Law. However,17th centurywas the time of science dynamism. In this situation Hobbes began his effort to explain theprinciples of the existence of political society and his doctrine would become the Firstmodern moral philosophy, because it was a philosophy that completely accepted consequencesof modern Natural Sciences and related ancient relativism in the form of “LegalTheory”, according to which man’s natural law explicates the thing that man desires to do.Then Natural Law derived from Natural Code. As a theoretician of modern Natural Law,Hobbes was among those who merely believed in Natural Law in the international relationsand denied the existence of Subject Law and only assigned Natural Law as the basis ofInternational Law. His book, leviathan, as a great and unique masterpiece in the field ofpolitical philosophy, written in English, best indicates his effort in scrutinizing concepts likecode, Natural Law, Politics Science, Political Power and Sovereignty. This essay aims tostudy Thomas Hobbes attitude to code concepts, Natural Law, Natural Codes InternationalLaw, Natural Situation, Political Society, Political Power and Leviathan by contemplationthrough his theorization and research through his political thought.

“The Caspian Sea”, as it is called “Darya-ye Khazar” (meaning “Khazar sea”) or “ DaryayeMazandaran” (“Mazandaran Sea”) in Iran, and “Bahr Al-Qazvin” which means “QazvinSea” on Arab maps, is the largest inland body of water in the world. However, either “KhazarSea” or “Mazandaran Sea”, is a questionable matter which needs to be explicated. Asecond issue raised is that according to the rules principles of the International Law, is itclassed as a lake or a full-fledged sea? How has it been exploited in the time before andafter the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1917 and why after in the time before and afterthe dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1917 and why after the collapse of the former USSR,the geo-politic status of the region calls the attention of the World Policy? How importantare natural resources of sea food, quality of shipping cargos and seaports conditions to thecoastal communities? Moreover, the quantity of oil and gas resources under the sea bed,underwater spots rich in natural resources and efficient allocation of fossil fuel among thecountries bounded the sea are the world’s important issues together with Juridical Regime,Methods of shipping resources to the port and international markets are important strategicelements for the countries enclosed the sea as well as regional effective and the world’ssuperpowers. However, the debates have been encompassing a vast range of subjects inthe past two decades include the strategies of Iran, Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan andTurkmenistan about allocation of sea bed resources and juridical regime and the role ofthe federation of Russia and Turkey and the strategy of European Union and the U.S.A inplanning the pipe routes, piping and transferring oil and gas convoys.

Strategic alliance of Israel with Iraq’s Kurds brings about the stability of national security strategyand Israel’s foreign policy in the Middle East to extend Israel’s presence in the region. In the wakeof new changes in Iraq’s Kurdistan and increasing the political, economic and social activities ofthe Iraq’s Kurds, Israel has sought to highlight its presence in the region. Hence, Israel has newlycommenced closed cooperation with Iraq’s Kurdistan through its direct presence in the region orby interfering Kurdistan’s economic and social affairs following the formation of a new unifiedstrategy in the Middle East based on «Environmental Unity» doctrine This issue gained someopposition from the regional countries like Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey about Israel and Kurdistanrelationships and consequently prevalence of the news about the presence and interference ofIsrael in the region; as in some cases the Turkish and Arab media in the region have been keen toexaggerate. This article aims to study the mutual strategic interests of Israel and Iraq’s Kurdistanthrough examining the background relationship and its new changes, specially Israel’s attemptsto make moves in the Iraq’s Kurdistan region. Then, by means of studying the outcomes of theirinteraction both inside the region and beyond, the article tries to provide solutions to maintain thenational benefits of I.R. Iran.