مجله راهبرد سیاسی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 16، بهار 1400)

The present article addressed the causes of the divergence of the Kurds of the Middle East in the ISIL era. The main question in this studied what are the reasons for the divergence of the Kurds in the ISIL and post-ISIL eras? The findings show that the Syrian Kurds took control of the Kurdish-held areas autonomously in the unique opportunity created by ISIL. in Iraq also provided an opportunity for the Kurdistan Regional Government to take action toward controlling and capturing of Kirkuk and implemented the "Iraqi Kurdistan Independence" plan. But this action failed due to withdrawal of Peshmerga forces from Kirkuk and quitting the results of the referendum. The plan for Kurdish autonomy is ambiguous due to the occupation of part of the Kurdish by Turkey in Syria. the hypothesis of this research is based on the fact that, the most important reasons for the Kurds' failure to converge must be attributed to internal disputes between different groups, the opposition of neighboring countries to Kurdish independence. In addition, the opposition of the UnitedStates must be added to these reasons. The present research is descriptive-analytical and reviewed the issue within the framework of neoclassical realism.

Citizenship rights with political, civic and social dimensions are the fundamental elements of democracy and political development. This research has been done with aim of critical reappraisal of newspapers contents in Iran about human rights. In this study, Shargh and Keyhan are two case studies belong to reformist and conservatives as to important streamline in Iran. The methodology is quantitative content analysis. The main questions are: how and how much have been the performance of these newspapers in pay attention to and informing of audience to cognitive and practical- objective indexes of human rights? By the means, what are the viewpoints of elites about this performance of newspapers? The main findings of this study follow that: these newspapers have not done their role well and preferable in promotion of human rights due to the reasons such as: fractional and political dependencies, intellectual and financial dependency, none transparency, censorship, unfairness in speech, false and politicized analyses and informing functions and neglecting of professional ethics in journalism and then, have been faced to legitimacy crisis and challenges in views of public opinions and peoples.

Telegram has provided a possibility for internal and external players to exploit capacity of this messenger to make some threats against national security. According to that, this research is going to study the role of telegram in creating the various threats against Iran’s national security during the recent years. Therefore, the main question is how telegram has threatened Iran’s national security during recent years? The research method is analytical- explanatory and also doing survey among academic elites of the country. The findings show that telegram through proliferation of political rumors and fake news, delegitimizing and exaggerating inefficiency of the political system, provoking public opinion, creating cap between the society and sovereignty, organizing the riots and developing them, coordinating the protesters and rioters, intensifying the tribal and religious differences, creating gap between the ethnic minorities and the political system, empowering ethnic separatists tendencies, threating the norms and values of the society and also utilizing messenger by the terrorist groups for recruitment, coordination and planning had the most impacts on political, social and cultural security.

We live in a world that is technically called the quantum age. Nuclear energy, computers, bar code readers, and laser surgery are just a few interesting examples of the interesting results of twentieth-century physics theory, quantum physics. The work of Planck, Heisenberg, and others, with the introduction of quantum theory in physics and mechanics, formed new foundations for understanding the universe and its phenomena, mainly known as the quantum paradigm. This new paradigm had tremendous effects on all aspects of science, including computers, the Internet, physics, and so on. In the field of humanities, the impact of this new thinking is still expanding. Quantum theory, unlike classical physics, has no place for concepts such as; It does not see uncertainty and self-awareness, it raises uncertainty and self-awareness. On the other hand, after a hundred years of theorizing in the field of international relations, of which diplomacy is a subsidiary, scientists are still surprised by international and global events. This inefficiency seems to stem from the dominance of Newtonian thought in theories of the humanities and international relations. This research is an attempt to define and explain quantum diplomacy with its economic approach and its characteristics using limited library resources. After explaining the concept of quantum diplomacy, by presenting the concept of human security, the impact of this type of diplomacy on Investigate the economic dimension of human security in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The events of September 11, led to formation of, new regional power balance in West Asia, that regional goals of its actors ranged from balance of power to balance of threat. In order to explain function of balance of power approach; By examining regional goals of the actors of West Asian theorists, he dissected balance of power in the next decade. The balance of traditional power is predicted. As a result of the findings, outlook for the future is that probability of Iran's convergence with Saudi Arabia and the United States is low (the average intensity of regional convergence is 41.8%) and in the region, balance of traditional forces is still the most likely option. The level of tension created by the actors' goals belongs to Saudi Arabia, Iran and United States, respectively. Saudi Arabia is very influential from the United States and has a supporting role in US regional policy, and Iran has a deterrent role. This study is theoretically and practically important. The data were collected by library method (shooting tool), then the interrelationships between the targets and the actors were analyzed by the "future" research tool "Maktor", "Grapher" geometric design software, game theory and "diagonal matrix" pattern.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the communist development model and the rise of authoritarian presidential regimes in Central Asian societies, a number of internal and external factors disrupted the process of establishing democratic institutions and developing democracy in these societies. Subsequently, the phenomenon of religious extremism in the five newly independent republics became a concern for governments in the region. On the other hand, with the outbreak of the Arab revolutions and its consequences in the Middle East, the similarities of some similarities between the Arab societies and the Central Asian societies created the ground for the inspiration of these regions from the mentioned revolutions. In this context, the present article has tried to use Jack Snyder's theory of participation to study the resurgence of religion as a phenomenon resulting from contemporary political development, the main feature of which is to increase the demand for political participation of the masses. And transnational The activities of social and transnational forces through the channel of governments to assess how these factors relate to each other and their impact on the growth of religious extremism in Central Asian societies.

The Caucasus is a mountainous region in southwestern Russia that has been the site of rivalries between major powers, including Iran, Russia, Turkey, and the United States. In this region, five types of competition and conflict of interest can be classified. First, the rivalry and conflict of interests of the United States and Russia. Second, competition and conflict of interests between Russia and Turkey. Third, the rivalry and conflict of interests of Iran and the United States, the West and Israel, fourth, the rivalry and conflict of interests of Iran and Turkey, and fifth, the rivalry and conflict of interests of the United States and China, which is mostly summarized in economic and energy matters. Among the actors active in the region is Turkey, which is trying to expand its influence in the Caucasus. Since the establishment of the AKP, Turkey has become one of the most important players in its peripheral regions, including the Caucasus, Since the establishment of the AKP, Turkey has become one of the most important players in its peripheral regions, including the Caucasus, and is one of the influential actors in new developments in these regions.

The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the types of socio-economic support for refugees in Iran. The present study was a descriptive survey with a researcher-made questionnaire. In terms of purpose, the present study was applied and in terms of nature, it was descriptive. The statistical population of the study was all experts in sociology, law and political science based in Tehran, 30 of whom were selected by snowball sampling. In order to identify the supports, after reviewing the theoretical foundations and research background, 10 types of socio-economic support were identified,. The results showed that: from the experts' point of view, 10 types of refugee protection are needed, which are: Health care, education, the right to adequate housing, the right to work, the right to social security, the right to travel, the right to sue, the right to receive government assistance, the right not to be detained and expelled, and the right to marry and divorce. Of these 10 types of support, health care, the right to adequate housing, the right to travel, the right to work and the right to sue are the most important.

Iran's tendency to create a regional map has led to the expansion of Iran's influence and increased geopolitical power due to elements such as the country's geopolitical situation and the adoption of a strategy to activate foreign non-state actors as regional arms. These reasons have created a growing sense of threat among the Persian Gulf states and Israel (as key US allies) and the need for convergence among them. In this study, we sought to answer the question of how and to what extent US sanctions have been able to affect Iran's domestic situation and regional approach. By continuing the strategy of " Containment" Iran and using " Coercive Diplomacy", the United States is trying to keep Iran in a kind of political-economic and geopolitical siege by smartening sanctions and maintaining and effectively regulating them, and the possibility of growth and foreign investment in Iran's economy to prevent. The consequences of imposing sanctions have weakened economic power and intensified the challenge of political-economic management inside Iran, and consequently, reduced the ability of Iran to support its proxy network as the main factor in the geopolitical realm of this country.

The post-American world denotes the status and condition of the international system in an age of challenges for the American hegemony and the blossoming of a series of new actors. Most intellectuals working in this area have regarded China as one of the most potential newly-emerging powers, contending that China will play a vital role in the future of the international system. This paper attempted to demonstrate the significant position of transformation in power sources and the significance of soft power for China in the post-American world, and that how China will attempt to use soft mechanisms to reinforce its capability and influence in that new context. This paper mainly researched China's one source of soft power, including economy, and expounded several mechanisms within this source in the form of indicators and strategies of China's soft power. The author will answer the research hypothesis by the analytical-descriptive method and presenting empirical evidence and logical analysis.

The aim of this study is to explain the role of cultural capital of the traditional middle class in their hegemonisation over other political groups during the formation of the Islamic Revolution using Pierre Bourdieu's theory of field and capital. Methodologically, it is a causal study that uses library methods to gather information. The central question of the research is that "What cultural assets did the traditional middle class use in the field of competition to be hegemonic over other political groups during the formation of the Islamic Revolution from 1978 to 1981, and how were these resources and capital used?". The results Indicate that the traditional middle class during the formation of the Islamic Revolution of Iran through the proper use of various cultural and symbolic capitals such as historical and communicative capitals, the charismatic role of Imam Khomeini, ideology (religion), a large network of clerics, mosques, Social and cultural authority was able to defeat other rivals and gain a hegemonic position in the structure of political power.

Economic development in today's world is a concern of many states. The important issue is that, first, how states can be on the path to development, and, second, what procedure can take place in order for them not to fall out of orbit. The results of development in Iran in the 1960s and the growth and reconstruction taken place at this period reveal that development may be a temporary achievement, a process after which the crisis and acute financial and economic conditions were experienced. Now, the question we seek to answer is: Why did the economic development program in Iran in the Pahlavi era fail despite the initial positive efforts put forth in the 1970s? This paper tries to answer this question by using inclusive institutions and exploitative institutions concepts of Oglu and Robinson and applying them in Iran of the 1960s and 1970s, and to show that the upper hand of politics can cut the roots of economic development programs and abort a development process and path and cause deviation. This study is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. The required data are gathered using library study.

Prevention of offenses, especially child offenses, is a major subject of criminology. This article aimed to investigate the prevention of children crimes in Shiraz using international instruments. This article was a survey, and its statistical population consists of 255 Law students in Shiraz. The sample size was determined by the Cochran formula (152 people). A questionnaire was used to gather the data. Expert views were used to confirm the nominal and content validities. The Cronbach’s alpha was estimated to be higher than 0.7, which indicates the internal consistency of the questionnaire and a confirmation of its reliability. Data were analyzed by one-sample t-Test and SPSS software. The findings suggested that international laws have focused on crime prevention. The United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held every five years, stresses the rule of law and non-criminal crime prevention through the participation and collaboration of NGOs and popular organizations. As international laws suggest, the most important crime prevention method which best applies to children crime prevention is non-criminal prevention based on community- and growth-oriented prevention.