مجله زبانشناسی و گویش های خراسان
پیاپی 25 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

In hearing-impaired children, cochlea begins after receiving a hearing aid and prosthesis, and these children begin hearing late. Although everyday language and speech skills are improved in deaf children with the help of speech therapy, because these children enter the public education system and are trained alongside their hearing peers and encounter texts and textbooks. It is necessary to carefully examine language skills, i.e. language comprehension (listening) and expression (speaking) in deaf children with their hearing peers. In the present study, the components of spoken language (listening and speaking) in deaf children with their hearing peers were investigated. For this purpose, 39 children aged 6-8 years were compared in this study. Participants in the study included 10 children with hearing aids, 13 children with cochlear implants and 16 hearing children who were assessed using the Told-p: 3 language development tests. After the test, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Human Whitney tests. The results showed that there was no significant difference in spoken language, listening and speaking between children with cochlear implants and hearing aids. But there is a significant difference between hearing children and two groups of deaf children in different aspects of spoken language. Due to the fact that spoken language is the basis of written language, deaf children who are weak in different dimensions of spoken language (listening and speaking) will also perform poorly in different dimensions of written language (reading and writing) and this It is important in the educational development of deaf children.

Taking a generative phonology approach, this paper analyzes vowel harmony in verbal prefixes in the speech of middle-aged non-immigrant Mashhadi people. Over 120 simple verbs were conjugated and phonological alternations in the vowels of imperfective, and sunjunctive aspect markers as well as the negative prefix were extracted and their phonological features were studied. The results indicate that verbal prefix vowels in Mashhadi dialect harmonize with the stem vowel in backness, highness or both and that coronals block vowel harmony if the stem vowel is a low back vowel.

One of the effective methods to study the semantic aspects of mystical language in literary texts is critical discourse analysis, which is a new attitude of discourse analysis in linguistics studies that analyses texts considering sociocultural context. The present research analyses Hafez's mystical language with an analytic-descriptive method and based on Fairclough’s pattern and answers to this issue: How and why did Hafez create his mystical discourse and make it comprehensible? For this purpose, after describing Hafez's mystical sonnets according to Halliday’s systemic-functional linguistics framework and relying on the interpersonal metafunction of language in that framework, by observing the interlingual and extralingual contexts and with an intertextual analysis, it pulls out the reasons and explanations required from the beddings of his words and interprets and explains them ideologically. The results of the research indicate that factors performing the interpersonal metafunction in Hafez’s language are marked and discursive; they play an ideological role and are considered discursive features. The interpretation and explanation of these meaning features indicate that worldview, ideology, power relations and epistemological devices are the main effective factors in the formation and comprehension of Hafez’s mystical discourse. The achievement of the present research is to justify and describe Hafez's mystical language scientifically and pattern based and also to express how and why his mystical discourse is formed, produced and comprehended with applying effective and reliable instruments of critical discourse analysis. Therefore, the achieved results are based on linguistics authentic and reasonable rudiments and are also far from generalization and its following mistakes.

In two or multilingual societies, the contact of two languages in daily social interactions leads to code switching. Various definitions for code switching have been presented. But the most common is: using more than one language in an utterance or interaction. Code switching is investigated from different sociological, psychological and structural perspectives. Being formal and standard, as well as social, scientific and cultural validity of Persian language in comparison with local languages affect the speech of speakers of these languages. Laki speakers also code switch to Persian in different contexts for different reasons. The current study investigates code switching among Laki /Persian bilingual speakers based on three sociological factors: age, gender and context. The related code switching data collected from 120 people of bilingual Laki/Persian speakers’ interactions in Koohdasht during 10 sessions of 45-60 minutes were recorded. 3 age groups involved in data collecting process: 7-13, 18-35 and over 50. Data analysis is performed using SPSS software and Chi-square test was used in inferential statistics. The results suggested that age, gender and context influence code switching. So the rate of code switching to Persian occurs more among women and young people and in the formal context.

The relationship between Persian and Arabic and the influence of these two languages on each other is indisputable. These two languages have greatly influenced each other in the pre-Islamic and post-Islamic periods. The acceptance of Islam by Iranians caused the spread of many Arabic words. Prayers during the day and night, It has caused special attention to the time of prayer and the times of prayer have become especially important. Gradually, expressions such as "another prayer / نماز دیگر", previous prayer/ نماز پیشین" and "later/دیگر" and other words, in addition to referring to the time of prayer, as a constraint of time meaning "evening, sunset. became common among Iranian languages. The question of this research is what words in Iranian dialects have been created under the influence of prayer or have found new meanings? The data of this research have been collected both from a written library method such as Tabari Tafsir/ تفسیر طبری translation and from a field method from different Iranian dialects. The result of the research shows that in both Persian literature texts and Iranian dialects, Words that indicate time under the influence of prayer have become common.

In Toulmin's theory of argumentation, each argument may have six components: 1) claim, 2) data, 3) warrant, 4) backings (for the warrant), 5) rebuttal (of the claim), and 6) qualifiers (of the speaker’s certainty), of which the first three are essential and the rest are optional. Based on his theory, this descriptive-analytic research aims to analyze 4 selected poems of the religious/ethical collection of Wheatley (1773) from three aspects: (a) identifying Wheatley’s warrants, (b) categorizing her claims and their grounds, and (c) her tone and certainty. Consequently, the following results were obtained; Wheatley’s claims and recommendations in selected poems were rewritten in simplified language, free from figures of speech, which varied greatly in proportion to the number of selected poems. However, these claims can be categorized under these related fields: (a) individual ethics, (b) governmental-political ethics, and (c) theology. Since most of these claims are prescriptive, Wheatley can be categorized as a deontologist. In addition, supporting the claims, numerous warrants were identified mostly rational and implicitly-asserted.Although she tends to use a conservative voice by resorting to prays, rhetoric questions, exclamations and hyperboles while addressing her recommendations to elites and high-ranked people, she prefers a declarative voice which essentially does not need any qualifiers. In sum, Wheatley has a strong, assertive and consistent voice in the selected poems.

The study of Lexical Aspect in Persian Complex Predicates has been a controversial topic in recent years. As far as telicity is concerned, there are two contrasting approaches in this field: one in which the “Preverbal elements”, including nouns, adjectives, and prepositional phrases, are considered to be determinant of telicity; and the other, in which “Light Verbs” are considered to be determinant. The present research is aimed to study the aspectual properties of Persian Denominal Complex predicates, and the role and contribution of its constituents in the aspectual properties of theses verbs. For this purpose, the First Phase Syntax is been used to divide the eventive nominal preverbs into two main classes, including process and achievement nouns. Evidences have been provided showing that telicity in eventive denominal CPrs is determined by the event structure of the nominal preverb. Therefore, CPrs which benefit from a process preverb are all atelic, due to the non-bounded nature of the nominal, while those with achievement nominals are all telic, due to the bounded event structure of their preverbal element. The result of this study illustrates that light verbs are neutral in determining the telicity of Persian Complex Predicates. Moreover, it shows that some CPrs with eventive nominals are atelic.

The Pahlavi era has given racial framing forward to minorities in the press texts, therefore, linguistic analysis of the mentioned period can show what narratives are being presented to and adopted by the public.The present study investigates the linguistic and ideological components of ethnic minorities in the press of Pahlavi. The data of this research are collected from these newspaper '350 texts at the specified interval (1945 to 1947).The research methodology is type a descriptive – analytic and it by using the van Dijk's Model of Critical Discourse Analysis of racism intends to analyze the texts of the mentioned newspapers. The findings show that newspapers affiliation with power structures has influenced how editors' ideas and thoughts towards ethnic minorities, because these newspapers by using underlying and meaning ideologies in the model of van Dijk racism such as lexical item , syntactic structure, topics, polarization, Topoi, speech acts and presuppositions show covert racism and marginalize ethnic minorities. It can be said that this model can correctly analyze newspaper data on racism.

Preparation and compilation of educational materials based on scientific principles is one of the major goals of the document of the comprehensive scientific map of the country. Due to the growing need for these resources, unfortunately today we are faced with a lack of standardized and efficient educational materials for teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers. The purpose of this library, analytical and field research study was to develop a simplified and translated text from "Qaboosnameh" anecdotes to study the reflective feedback from both teachers and learners at the pre-advanced level. In order to achieve this aim, Maxwell (2011) and Paetzold, and Specia (2015) frameworks and principles were applied to a text and simplification implemented. In order to collect the instructors’ feedback on classroom application of the designed material, a written semi-structured interview was conducted. The developed materials were given to 15 instructors from Azfa Center at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and 3 instructors from Ankara. All the participating instructors confirmed the appropriateness of the lesson topics and asserted their relevance to the learners’ needs. Also, the instructors believed that the syntactic and lexical difficulty level of the texts were comprehensible for 21 out of 25 Persian learners, which indicates the appropriate level of difficulty of the simplified texts.

Clitics are linguistic units that have both some characteristics of words and some of the dependent morphemes. Therefore, identifying and examining them in different languages is one of the most interesting linguistic issues for linguists. Persian language is no exception to this rule. Thus, the aim of the present study is to determine and describe clitic pronouns in Ghayeni dialect based on Aikhenvald’s criteria (2003). The data have been collected by descriptive-analytical method, using different sources of Ghayeni dialect and recording free speech of 20 native dialects living in Ghayen and also the intuition of one of the authors. Clitic pronouns in this dialect include the object and subject clitics - (d)e, as well as third-person attached pronouns. The results indicate that object clitics refer only to the inanimate singular object and are added to the transitive verb in all persons and tenses when the object is not present. Subject clitics refer to the third person singular verb (mostly animate) and are added to the singular third person verb at all times when the subject is not present. In the case of agreement system, the conjunctive system prevails in this dialect only when it has a passive role in the sentence with the singular third person verb, (d)e-; In this case, it has the same marking as the intransitive verb and a different marking with the transitive verb. Here clitic personal pronouns only include third person pronouns. Clitic pronouns were validated according to Aikhenvald (2003).

Idiomatic expressions are groups of words whose meanings are not simply predictable by knowing their constituent vocabulary and grammar. This paper studies a specific kind of idioms from the viewpoint of cognitive semantics and on the basis of Fillmore et al's typology of idiomatic expressions (1988) and Goossens' opinions on metaphtonymy (1990), in order to determine the function of metaphtonymy in semantic structure of idiomatic expressions. Metaphtonymy is the output of simultaneous presence of metaphor and metonymy and their mutual interaction in the semantic structure of an utterance. The studied idioms are selected from popular body expressions with familiar lexical items within familiar grammatical patterns with substantive structure. In this study, two basic findings are obtained: First, beside metaphor and metonymy, metaphtonymy is also frequent in the semantic structure of body idioms. Second, the metaphtonymies in these idioms are of the type "metonymy within metaphor" in which the metonym is inside the metaphor i.e. the metaphor paves the way for the appearance of metonymy. These findings can be dealt with in a bottom-up approach in which a metaphor primarily conceptualizes the abstract function or property of an organ of the body in terms of a concrete conceptual domain; then, within that metaphor, an appropriate metonym replaces that abstract function or property with the name of the attributed organ. In this way, an absolutely abstract concept in the bottom is developed into an overall concrete concept.

Hawramaic and Persian languages as Western Iranian languages, were influenced by the Avestan language and were similar in many forms of pronunciation until the Middle Ages. So, the Hawramaic language, due to its proximity to the ancient roots of Persian, is a good source for reviving obsolete forms in this language. Since Hawrami has been very cautious about being influenced by the modern Persian language, a number of its dialects, including Abdolmaleki dialect, have retained some of the features of the ancient Persian languages. In this regard, the present study, has examined 76 words in Abdolmaleki dialect, and has explored the Avestan, ancient Persian and Middle Persian roots in them. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical. Data in the Hawrami language section, has been gathered through interviews with speakers and recording their speech, and in the section of ancient Persian and Pahlavi languages, data has been collected from the books "History of Persian language" and "Small culture of Pahlavi language", by Khanlari and Mackenzie, respectively. The most salient finding of the present study indicates that the phonemes /a/, /i/, /v/, /č/, /h/, /ž/, /k/, /n/ are the remnants of ancient and medieval periods.