نشریه تفکر و کودک
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

The current study aimed to investigate the philosophical aspects of reading and writing in the “Philosophy for Children” program according to the Suki and Pixie novels and their guidebooks. A descriptive-analytical methodology was applied to answer what are the philosophical aspects of reading and writing in the “Philosophy for Children” program according to the two novels, and what skills can be implemented to enhance those aspects. The findings showed that the philosophical aspects of reading and writing include philosophizing, the role of dialogues in reading and writing, reading as an argument, critical reading, the relationship between art and experience, meaning, aesthetic relationships, attention, experience, preferences, and veracity. These aspects can be strengthened by such skills as providing reasons, dialogues, argumentations, the recognition of parts and wholes, general concepts, discovering vague areas and gaps, definitions, connecting, developing concepts clearly, stating experiences, and distinguishing. The findings showed that a mutual relationship[1] exists between reading and argumentation, and this can lead to the enhancement and development of high-level thoughts.

Storytelling is considered as a tool for transmitting ethical and behavioral messages in different societies. The purpose of this study was to teach storytelling in a targeted way on the values ​​of life (Responsibility-Respect) and moral judgment of primary school children. The present study was a semi-experimental method. The statistical population in this study was all school female elementary school students in the academic year of 1396, and the sample consisted of 30 people (15 subjects, 15 subjects), which was selected using available sampling method And at the same time, the scale of accountability, respect (Aren et al. 1993), and the moral judgment of Lennick and Kiel (2005) were applied to the two groups. Then, based on the educational program, eight sessions were trained and the control group was not trained. After the sessions were completed, the questionnaires were again run for the same groups in the same situation to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Covariance analysis and SPSS software were used for data analysis. The results showed that according to the hypothesis of teaching storytelling, it was effective on the values ​​of life (responsiveness-respect) and moral judgment (P <0.001). From this we can use storytelling as an indirect educational method appropriate to the world of childhood, with preset methods, according to a special and purposeful moral teaching.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of violent and non-violent virtual games in comparison with common sportive movement games on reaction time, coordination, agility and psychological characteristics of adolescents. The method of this study is ex-post facto research with the causal-comparative method, that three groups of adolescent with the age range of 12 to 17 years participated in this study who were selected by purpose sampling method from public schools. with history of playing, they were placed in three groups: violent virtual games, non-violent virtual games and sports movement games. Anxiety was assessed  by using the Cattell Anxiety Inventory, aggression was assessed by using the Bass and Perry Inventory,  Reaction time ruler test was used to assess the reaction time, Plate tapping test was used to assess upper  limb agility. To test the research hypotheses, statistical methods of analysis of variance and bonferroni for post hoc test were used. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between coordination and aggression of users of virtual games and sports movement games. aggression is significantly lower in adolescents participating in sports games compared to the others two groups of virtual games (p= 0.022) and they were significantly better in coordination scores (p = 0.023). The results of the present study confirm the effect of  type of games for physical and mental characteristics of adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of the books of thinking and life style of the first high school from the perspective of moral education. Descriptive-analytical research method, the study population in this study was books of thinking and lifestyle of the first year of high school. All books were analyzed as samples. The data collection tool is a content analysis list based on the method of William Rumi, which was prepared based on theoretical principles and its validity was confirmed by experts in educational sciences. Content analysis list reliability was performed by two analysts. The correlation coefficient between the two independent analyzes was 0.79. The unit of study of book lessons is the unit of text analysis, question and image of the book, which was determined based on active and inactive categories of analysis and coefficient of involvement. Findings showed that the images of the seventh grade thinking and lifestyle book with a coefficient of involvement of 0.23 and the eighth grade thinking and lifestyle with a coefficient of involvement of 0.71 had a low coefficient of involvement. The text engagement coefficient of 0.137, which indicates that the text of thought and lifestyle books is inactive and dynamic, therefore does not provide images and text for the activity. Also, the questions of thinking and lifestyle of the seventh grade with a coefficient of involvement of 4 and the thinking and style of life of the eighth grade with 2.42 have the highest coefficient of involvement.

The purpose of this study was the effect of augmented reality and augmented reality technology teaching on creative thinking and learning motivation of female high school students in Bandar-e-Turkmen city. The statistical population of the study consists of female high school students in Bandar-e-Turkmen city in the 2020 academic year. From the statistical population, 60 students were selected by available sampling method and were completely randomly divided into two groups: 30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. Data collection tools included the standard Welch (2002) Creative Thinking Questionnaire and Kashif et al.'s (2013) Learning Motivation Questionnaire. The intervention tools also included teaching through augmented reality technology and a combination of 8 sessions of 60 minutes that were used for experimental science, work and technology courses (junior high school). Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS software. Findings showed: Augmented and augmented reality technology education on learning motivation and its components including learning facilities, family support and participation, peer influence, students' personality and creative thinking of first year female high school students in Bandar-e-Turkmen city It is positive and meaningful.

Fostering self-awareness, moral and religious values ​​as well as social norms are functions of care thinking. Teaching care thinking in the exploratory circle guides the teens into the stressful situation that he or she may face. Lippmann and FEBK intellectuals use story to enhance thinking power, personal and interpersonal development, and foster moral and social values ​​because of the story's appeal in education as well as the teen’s elusive focus based on FEBK content. They know that they are effective in teen curricula. study aimed at recognizing the functions of caring thinking in Hassanzadeh's teen novels for age groups "d" and "e" with the subject of sustainability in sacred defense based on Lippmann's theory in accordance with common values ​​in Iran with a descriptive-analytical approach to answer how many and how functions of care thinking have been done in the studied novels. Hassanzadeh relies on increasing the component of active thinking (problem solving, decision-making skills) and the component of cultivating indigenous values, social norms and relying on more empathy and respect for others, patience, resilience ‌ is a sense of accomplishment and stability in teens ; therefore, some story events arouse the astonishment and questioning of the teens and cause the indirect teaching of active and valuable thinking following this astonishment and questioning to the teen reader / listener.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of teaching philosophy on the emotional intelligence of preschool boys, using the pre-test-post-test method with the control group and the experimental group. The instrument used was Tezel Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (2010) and in order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used in SPSS. The results of analysis of covariance showed that teaching philosophy to children could lead to a significant difference in the mean scores of the emotional intelligence in the post-test at 0.05 deviation error level. Also, the results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed the effect of teaching philosophy on the dimensions of emotional intelligence, which could lead to a significant difference in the mean scores of variables of perception and emotional expression, recognition and analysis of emotions and emotion management in the post-test stage at 0.05 deviation error level; So that the mean scores of the variables of perception and emotional expression, emotion recognition and analysis, as well as emotion management increased. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is possible to increase emotional intelligence and emotion control in children by making innovations in the process of teaching philosophy to preschool children.

The present study aims was investigate the impact of instruction Philosophy on reasoning and creativity of Girl middle School Students. Research method was Quasi-xperimental with pre-test and post-test schemes and a control group. The statistical population was all female students in middle schools of Ilam city in 2021-2022, (4850 person). The statistical sample is 40 female students based on G.power software which have been selected using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method, among two area of Ilam, one area selected then, among middle school selected one school then, were randomly distributed into one test group (20 person) and one control group (20 person). The teaching process for the experimental group was implemented during 9 one-hour sessions with philipCam stories; however, the control group continued with no additional training sessions. The research instruments were Abedi creativity Questionnaire and Thamson reasoning Questionnaire. multivariate analysis of covariance and t.test was used to analyze the data. The obtained results indicate that teaching philosophy increase their reasoning and creativity. Instruction of Philosophy increase information processing among students and increase their concentration on different dimensions of problems, therefore to be able to increasing reasoning and creativity among students.

Besides learning a second/foreign language, many educators nowadays believe that education programs and curriculums promoting thinking skills might benefit children, society, and the world. This study explored how critical thinking could be infused into teaching English to young children. Researchers employed a descriptive case study design to portray two three-year-old twins’ critical thinking skills in the early years of life (3-4/5). The findings revealed two main themes to infuse critical thinking in teaching English: the art of storytelling and conversation and interaction between the twins and their mother. Qualitative analysis of the findings showed that the principles of teaching and learning based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory could be helpful and applicable even to young language learners. By providing an educational environment that provides appropriate support and mediation by skilled adults and creating opportunities for meaningful interaction with those around them, children can achieve higher cognitive development. This research can share its findings with education communities and very young children’s teachers to promote a new professional development model for infusing critical thinking skills in very young learners’ classrooms.

The purpose of this article is to examine the famous patterns of preschool curriculum in threeareas; Attention to the child agency, the nature and strategies of teaching-learning, and the professional competence of educators that seems to distinguish the developed models from the less developed models of the preschool curriculum. To this end, the present article using the method of description and philosophical analysis explores these axes in Reggio Emilia, High/Scope, Swedish and Te Whãriki (T/W) patterns. Findings of the research in the first axis is indicating the realization of manifestations of child agency such as viewing to the child as a unique, competent and capable being, and to provide some grounds for hearing the child's voice in these patterns. In the second axis, the nature of learning is based on the perception of the child's perspective and her/his learning style, child’s active participation in learning and interaction with adult in meaning-making and constructing of knowledge, the making visible of child’s learning and the guidance of him/her towards lifelong learning. Therefore, teaching-learning strategies are based on participatory and communicative, exploratory, experimental, project-oriented, active and creative approaches. Also according to the third axis, the most of the studied models emphasis on the professional qualifications of educators in various personal, moral, social and professional dimensions.

The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of independent thinking and provide evidence of it in junior high school. For this purpose, using the documentary method, a systematic review of the research background in various scientific databases in the last 40 years was conducted. Investigations led to the identification of 30 documents. Data analysis based on content analysis strategy led to the identification of 146 open source codes and were classified into 7 main themes and 27 sub-themes. Identified indicators include; Feelings of freedom and choice were reciprocal and participatory learning, mastery of cognitive skills, mastery of metacognitive skills, familiarity with problem-solving skills, independent activity, and conscious obedience. The results of the content analysis of the first secondary school textbooks also indicate that; The book of mathematics and experimental sciences has the highest frequency among the indicators of independent thinking. Also, among the identified indicators, the highest frequency is related to the category of "independent activity" and the lowest frequency is related to the category of "feeling of freedom and choice" and "conscious obedience". Therefore, it can be stated that if the identified indicators are used in the educational processes of students, it is likely that in adulthood they will become independent individuals with individual abilities and resistant to anomalies and social harms.

The aim of this study was to design an educational package based on overlooked verbal intelligence skills in Persian textbooks for the second grade of elementary school and to determine its effectiveness on Wechsler intelligence subscales. In this research, the mixed research method (qualitative of phenomenological type and quantitative of experimental type) was used. In the qualitative section, using semi-structured interviews to theoretical saturation and thematic analysis, overlooked verbal intelligence skills were identified with 3 global themes. The validity of the themes was determined by the audit method and Scott's formula. The educational package was developed based on overlooked skills in 15 sessions and its validity was confirmed through content validity. In the quantitative section, the educational package was performed on 30 male students of the second grade of elementary school in Fraidan city (using multi-stage cluster sampling and random arrangement in two groups). The research instruments included vocabulary subscale, visual concepts and numerical memory of Wechsler (IV) children's intelligence test. Data were analyzed by multivariate covariance and SPSS software. The results showed the effectiveness of the educational package on increasing the scores of the relevant scales