نشریه فضای گردشگری
پیاپی 26 (بهار 1397)

According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), Iran held the fifth and tenth rank of natural and historical attractions respectively. Therefore, the survey of performance levels of tourists in relation to tourist sites, in terms of appropriate management and control of their behavior and promoting general awareness at various levels has a significant role in controlling tourism terrorism and promoting national security, and this provides the development of the country as far as economic, social, cultural, political and physical issues are concerned. No tourist is interested in visiting unsafe destinations. Therefore, it is necessary to know that "tourism security" is not only the protection of tourists against thieves and kidnappers; but also it requires road and flight safety, formalities, visa issuance, full coverage of travel insurance, law enforcement, business activity and restrictions. All of these factors are security issues of tourism which affect the success or failure of tourism industry in the world. Finally, with proper management and planning in the field of tourism security, more tourists can be attracted to the country, so that if this development strengthens the positive aspects of tourism in socio-economic and environmental dimensions, it will also lead to sustainable development of the regions as well as interactions because of which an area becomes bio-environmentally habitable, economically durable, socially united, and physically beautiful and worth visiting. This research is an analytical-descriptive study which is based on reasoning, library resources, documents and statistical data are obtained from various centers. Scientific web sites have been used and the necessary data have been gathered in different ways. The result of the analysis confirms that national security in all parts of the world, including Iran, has a direct relationship with tourism development and tourist’s attraction.

Rural tourism could be considered as an income-generating activity in rural areas. In this paper, some positive and negative effects of rural tourism were studied. The survey method was employed and the necessary data were collected through questionnaires.  The number of questionnaire was determined using the Cochran formula (n=34). In this paper, the individual characteristics, priorities of respondents about positive and negative effects of rural tourism were examined and the relationship between the variables was estimated; also, the positive and negative effects of rural tourism on rural areas development were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the most important positive effect of rural tourism was to help create an extra income and the most important negative effect of rural tourism was increasing rural land prices and spreading mediates. The results of factor analysis have also shown positive effects factors for economic- infrastructure development, cultural development and physical development but negative effects factors for destruction of business environment, production environment and allocation resources.

]Since tourism is increasingly developing in all over the world, it is focused more than before by most economists and policy makers. Accordingly, in order to make appropriate policies to improve tourism, investigating the determinants of tourism demand is very important. According to the literature, there are a lot of possible variables which their effects on tourism demand in different economies have been emphasized by previous studies. Therefore, using the data obtained from Iran Provinces and applying Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method, this study tried to investigate the determinants of tourism demand in developing countries during 1995-2012. The results showed that the population of destination (as an index showing the size of market) and GDP (development index) are the most important variables which affect tourism demand. In addition, the variables related to infrastructures, communication facilities, international trade, quality of life and human capital (education and health) have positive effects on tourism development. On the contrary, some variables like high relative prices and poor quality of life such as pollution have reducing impact on tourism demand. According to the results, it is suggested to improve transport infrastructure, develop an efficient human capital by improving education and health status, and reduce pollution in cities.

Tourism industry because of its effect on providing job opportunities and the income level of people has an important role in the economy of a society. In order to increase the income, tourists must first be attracted and in order to have the benefits of tourism, the tourists’ prioritization in choosing their destinations should be determined. Since the majority of tourists in Iran are domestic ones because of limited foreign tourism, many domestic trips in Iran are religious visits to holy places such as Mashhad and Qom. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the priority of tourism attractions in Mashhad using entropy technique, VICOR and SPSS. This research was descriptive-analytic and the data were gathered using field research. The results showed that Imam Reza's shrine was the first priority of tourism attraction for the participants and the other tourist attractions stood later in the priority. So Mashhad has not been successful with the new attractions created for the development of tourism in this city.

By implementing the historical transformation of the subsidy reform plan in 2010, the economic operation of the era of transition from a subsidized economy to a competitive and free one took place after two decades of waiting, and the studies on this issue from the perspective of monitoring and evaluating post-implementation effects entered a new field. As the reform subsidy plan in the transportation and energy sectors is the first priority of the government's economic development agenda, the implementation of this plan has affected rural housing as well as other sectors of its policies. In the present study, an attempt is made to examine the effects of reform subsidies in the transport and energy sectors on rural tourism development indicators in Borujerd, as an "assessment during implementation". The research is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data gathering method was library and field analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Kendall's tau-b,Spearman and multiple regression). Finally, the results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the reform subsidies indicators and rural tourism indicators. Therefore, the promotion of the reform subsidies indicators to achieve rural tourism development is one of the effective strategies that should be focused by the government authorities more than before.

In Today’s highly competitive era, maintaining a suitable position for hospitality businesses needs to adopt strategies that besides synergy of activities, enhances their ability to use opportunities and cope with peripheral environmental threats. In this regard, the present research has been carried out to analyze the strategic position of the Yazd’s Mehr chain of hotels in its business environment. This study according to its objective is a survey one and applied as far as its audience are concerned. The methodology is based on a comprehensive framework for strategy formulation. The research population consisted of the managers of Mehr chain hotels. Sampling was carried out in two steps: in the first step, a questionnaire as data gathering tool was distributed among the whole research population and in the second step, purposeful selection of skillful and experienced managers, as a part of sampling, helped to prioritize coefficients and rank the factors. The obtained results showed considerable inside weaknesses and outside opportunities. Because of these facts, a conservative strategy can improve strategic position of Mehr chain hotels in the market. In this way, organizational structure improvement, more attention to human resources, enhancing functional technologies and considering research and development can all help to implement this strategy more efficiently.

With respect to the formation of Islamic Iranian cities, historical centers have a crucial role and are quite important. These centers have enormous potential due to their geographical locations, availability, concentration of economic problems and cultural-historical properties; but despite the positive features of the central part of the cities, their texture suffers from physical, bio-environmental, context complexity and lack of infrastructures problems. Among the ancient Iranian cities, a sample that is important in Iranian traditional urban renewal is Tabriz. The historical center of this city has precious treasures of human culture and historical monuments, which their erosion may lead to cultural and physical structure problems as well as losing the historical identity of the city. So, the foundation of recreation projects seems to be essential to keep the historical centers. Since the recreation of these centers is in the need of considerable investment, it seems that it is better to use tourism potential to encourage the private sector and support of public sector in order to do investment for the implementing such projects. Thus, the present study used an analytical descriptive approach; library and field studies, SWOT model and network analysis (ANP) to introduce approaches to the improvement of the present condition through identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism in the historical center of Tabriz. Based on the obtained results of the study, WT2, ST3 and WO1 strategies have three priorities for recreating the historical context of Tabriz metropolis.

The prosperity of tourism in any geographic location, along with positive and negative socioeconomic consequences, has environmental impacts which if continued could cause irreparable damages. Sustainable environmental or ecological tourism is the expansion of the tourism industry and the attraction of tourists to the country using the existing resources in such a way that, while responding to the economic, cultural, social and legal requirements of society and the expectations of tourists, unity and integrity may be achieved. Cultural identity and environmental health can balance and provide the welfare for people and their guests in a balanced and continuous manner to an optimum level. The main design of the study is based on the analytical approach in a library-based and survey which analyzes the information related to the theoretical foundations of tourism industry; then, the foundations of sustainable tourism and its relationship with the factors shaping ecological tourism have been considered with the aim of promoting tourism collections in the understudy area based on the existing theories. Finally, the process of forming the ecological tourism complexes has been distinguished. The results of the research showed that the formation of ecological tourism complexes around natural-historical attractions in our country can be an effective step in sustainable tourism development; also, if "physical tourism planning" in Iran is done in a systematic way, it can create job opportunities and increase the value of currency.