نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 43 (پاییز 1401)

Recently, Mazandaran Province has needed more energy. Considering the capabilities of this province in generating renewable energy, recognizing the potentials of clean energy generation and consumption, especially wind energy, should be a priority in the plans of managers and researchers. Current study has been done with the aim of spatial capability of wind energy in Mazandaran Province with emphasis on its topography. In order to initially estimate the energy that can be obtained from wind flow in the province, the necessary calculations were performed on wind direction and velocity data over a period of 12 years. Statistic data of 15 synoptic meteorological stations in the province at a height of 10 meters were used to collect daily wind speed and direction data. After calculating the average wind speed, wind speed continuity and wind power density in the meteorological stations, layers of each were prepared at heights of 10, 30 and 50 m using interpolation in ArcGIS software environment. The 50-meter-high wind speed zoning map in Mazandaran Province shows that among the study stations, Baladeh station with an average monthly wind speed of 5.98 meters per second at a height of 50 meters, has a maximum wind speed of 7.78 meters per second in July. This station experiences wind speeds of more than 6 meters per second for about 7 months of the year (April to October), especially during the warmer months of the year. This station also has the highest wind power density (WPD) with 51, 142 and 228 watts per square meter respectively at a height of 10, 30 and 50 meters above the ground. Also, the station has the highest amount of electrical energy output in Mazandaran Province with an average annual wind power of 58.4 kW, amount of electricity generated annually about 511452 kWh per year and network capacity of 17.7%. Therefore, this area is a suitable place in Mazandaran province for installing wind turbines and constructing wind power plant to generate electricity.

In this research, to determine the changes in the level of snow cover in relation to drought, satellite data has been used in order to determine the snow cover and meteorological station data has been applied to estimate the drought. In this regard, at the first stage, satellite data was collected from NASA's Web site from 1385 to 1395, and after geometric and atmospheric corrections based on the NDSI index and using of bands 4 and 6, was applied to determine the level of snow cover and  drought rate has been estimated based on SPI index. Studies of snow cover reveal that the level of snow cover has been reduced and this is proportional to the drought rate, and the prevailing trend in the level of snow cover and SPI is a downward trend. However, in spite of the prolonged and increased SPI index, the level of snow cover has been reduced or vice versa. The reason for this can be investigated through the type of precipitation during these years and it is possible that most type of the precipitation, during the years in which snow cover has been less, has been rainy type and in the drought years with increased snow cover, type of downfall has been more snowy.

In recent decades, citizens' political participation has been considered by thinkers as a key component of socio-political development. Citizen participation brings legitimacy to the political system. Political participation is deeply and inextricably linked to the most important issues in political science and sociology, such as parties, pressure groups, the relationship between people and government, civil society, demographic characteristics, and the like. In this regard, elections are the most important tool for achieving political participation and the emergence of democracy. The main purpose of this article is a comparative study of the spatial pattern of political participation between Kashan, Aran and Bidgol. This study is a survey and a questionnaire technique has been used to collect research data. The statistical population of the study is citizens over 21 years of age in Kashan, Aran and Bidgol in 1399. 870 questionnaires were distributed and out of this number, 834 questionnaires were selected and studied as a research sample. The validity of the research variables has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings of the study, while confirming the differences in personality traits, level of trust in the political system, social capital and political awareness and political sociability among the citizens of the two cities, show that the political participation of Aran and Bidgol citizens is higher than Kashan.

Nowadays, planning and policy-making in the housing sector in the spatial and regional approach, especially affordable housing for low-income groups, is one of the main and most important topics in economic, demographic and social studies. In this regard, the emphasis on comprehensive and systematic approaches in spatial planning and housing policy in order to provide affordable housing is an inevitable necessity. Given the importance of low-income housing planning based on comprehensive approaches and spatial perspective, the purpose of this study is to diagnose the pathology of low-income housing planning system with emphasis on territorial spatial arrangement approach in East Azerbaijan province to identify the current situation and provide practical solutions to achieve the desired situation. In this regard, the method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature, which in order to analyze the data, has been used the qualitative method of Q-factor analysis. The statistical population of the study also includes city managers and experts familiar with housing planning issues, that the sample size was determined using the Delphi method and according to the quality of the research and the use of in-depth interview method of 14 people. Findings show that the most important housing planning inadequacies of low-income groups in East Azerbaijan province can be expressed by emphasizing the territorial spatial arrangement approach in three factors; housing market economic policies, development policies, urban planning and housing construction, as well as macro (structural) policies, which Explain 77% of the total variance. Housing planning policies also have major shortcomings in the territorial spatial arrangement process of "organizing studies", "assessing the status quo and feasibility" and "foresight".

The pattern of physical construction can be considered the simplest way to achieve the formation of social solidarity and reduce social isolation, some of which are due to the role of religious centers in the neighborhood; It revives the spirit of the neighborhood, and without a doubt, its quantity and quality will depend on the health of the neighborhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify indicators of the role of religious centers in reducing social isolation in Tajrish and Shah Abdolazim neighborhoods of Tehran with a social capital approach that can reduce social isolation in these neighborhoods. In this research, a survey method has been used. Data were used as a questionnaire and organized interviews among citizens of Tajrish neighborhood in District 1 and Shah Abdolazim neighborhood in District 20 of Tehran. SPSS and lisrel 8.8 software were used to analyze the data. The role of religious centers in reducing the social isolation of urban neighborhoods with the approach of social capital, through criteria (structural, communication, cognitive) were examined. By analyzing the data of the questionnaire using confirmatory factor analysis, it was found that the sub-criteria and research questions fully represent the components of the research. Based on Pearson test; The communication component has the highest effect on reducing the social isolation of Tajrish and Shah Abdolazim neighborhoods.The conceptual model of the research was developed using the LISREL model and its fit was confirmed. Research components are also based on average rankings.

Undoubtedly, one of the most destructive natural hazards is floods. Detection of flooded areas for optimal control and management of future floods can be helpful. In this study, using Sentinel-1 and Landsat-8 images to identify flooded areas and determine the sensitivity of different polarizations of VV, VH and VV + VH in separating aqueous and non-aqueous regions in flood 2019 in Golestan province. Therefore, after performing the necessary pre-processing, unsupervised K-means classification and NDWI index were applied to the radar and Landsat images, respectively, and then flooded areas was calculated. Continuous and unprecedented rains, the overflow of the dam, and the clay soil of the region are the most important causes of flooding in this region. According to the digital elevation model (DEM) of the region, the lowlands of the catchment area are known to be the main focus of flood accumulation in the region. Preparation of flood vulnerability map, establishment of flood warning system in reservoirs, dams and downstream rivers is one of the recommended measures to control and deal with floods in the future.

A basic precondition for achieving sustainable tourism in rural areas of the country; Design, development and implementation of strategic planning by planners and managers of tourism destinations. The present study, in order to provide an effective model for tourism development in the villages of Hir district of Ardabil city, has considered the methodology and tools of a comprehensive strategy formulation as well as the AHP technique. Accordingly, according to the subject, the research is methodically descriptive-analytical and purpose-based and through two methods of data collection; Documentary and field to identify the current situation, analyze the situation and then provide strategic proposals. To achieve this important and evaluate the factors that promote and inhibit development in the form of SWOT method using a questionnaire based on purposeful jurisprudence, distribution and results have been extracted. The questionnaire was reproduced based on Cochran's method among 340 households in the studied villages. In total, with regard to 34 strengths and opportunities, 23 weaknesses and threats, and scores obtained from the matrix of internal and external factors, as well as the 9-house diagram, the extraction strategy is maintenance. Finally, thematic development strategies are prioritized using the AHP process and then executive plans are presented to implement each of the tourism development strategies to maintain and improve the status quo.

Disabled people like other people in society need to use public facilities in society. The non-compliance of the interior spaces of the housing and its upper spaces with the needs of these people has caused the lack of easy life for this group. The present study seeks to provide suggestions for improving the living conditions of these people after recognizing the laws related to these people and the existing problems in their lives.

In order to identify the rights related to people with special conditions in order to equalize social opportunities, the rights and laws related to this group have been presented at both world and Iranian levels by studying the documents available in these countries. Then the problems related to this group are introduced using the method of library, documentation and field observations.

this research in order to answer the questions of rights and laws related to the disabled and the housing of the disabled? What are the problems with the realization of quality living in accordance with the physical and mental characteristics of the disabled? And how can the quality and quantity of life of people with disabilities be improved ?; After identifying the existing problems, in order to solve the problems and improve the quantity and quality of living conditions, to provide improvement proposals in two categories: micro (in two categories of proposals related to outdoor and indoor spaces) and macro (solutions such as adaptation, Flexible housing and inclusive housing) are paid.

Proper design and adoption of protective laws in urban areas and indoor spaces affect the motivation of people with disabilities to work in society and play an important role in meeting the needs and attention to human dignity of this group. Formulation of laws and its implementation in the field of design, landscaping and adaptation of urban and residential spaces can be an important step towards achieving this.

The expansion of urbanization and the specific issues and problems of urban life have made it increasingly necessary to pay full attention to beneficial strategies for optimizing the lives of urban residents. In this regard, the concept of sustainable urban development as a broad conceptual framework moves towards achieving economic growth and social justice. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of Shiraz in terms of criteria for sustainable urban development "environmental, health, urban and cultural services" in the form of 36 indicators. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. For analysis, first the data were standardized and finally, using the Morris method, the eleven districts of Shiraz were ranked. The results of the research based on Morris method showed that in terms of the studied indicators, zones one and eight with scores of 49.38 and 39.57 are in the first and second ranks and regions four and eleven with scores of 17.86 and 10.39 are in the last place. Also, based on the results, it was determined that none of the areas are in very good conditions. The results of this study indicate the existence of a gap between the eleven regions of Shiraz in terms of benefiting from the studied indicators, and among these, region one is ranked first in terms of development due to its political and economic centrality due to the existence of urban facilities.

The main purpose of this study is to rank the five regions of Urmia based on the spatial distribution of population and service uses. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The information of this research collected by interview, observation and fish taking methods. The statistical population includes the population of the five regions of Urmia. Ginny coefficient, MABAC model, scattering coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient used to analyze the collected data. The results of this study indicate that according to the results of the Gini model, the distribution of population in the five regions is balanced. The results of MABAC model show that region 5, ranked first, region 1, ranked second, region 4, ranked third, region 3, ranked fourth and region 2, ranked fifth. In terms of distribution and distribution of service uses. According to the results of the dispersion coefficient, the use of cultural and artistic centers with the value of 145.94 has the highest and the use of urban facilities and equipment with the value of 83.86 have the lowest dispersion coefficient among other uses. According to the results of Spearman correlation coefficient, there is a strong indirect relationship between the spatial distribution of population and the distribution of service uses in the city of Urmia. According to the collected results, the city of Urmia needs a general review in order to better plan for the fair distribution of service uses in the five areas of the city of Urmia.