نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

Exercise is a powerful driver for reducing the complications of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of progressive resistance training on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene in the hippocampus and serum changes of TNF α in Wistar diabetic rats.

For this study, 36 rats weighing 160 ± 10 g were randomly divided into three groups of 12 diabetic (D), diabetic and progressive resistance training (DRT) and control (C) groups. STZ solution (50 mg / kg) was used to induce diabetes. Progressive resistance training protocol three days a week, each session consisting of four to nine sets of 110cm vertical ladders with 2cm stairs and 85 ° angles of 50%, 75%, 90% with 100% maximum load capacity. Animals were dissected 48 hours after training. Samples were extracted 48 hours after GTT test. The animals were dissected and transferred to the laboratory of the Endocrine and Metabolism Research Institute to measure BDNF gene expression. BDNF gene expression was evaluated using Real Time PCR technique.

Results showed that resistance training increased (P = 0/001) BDNF gene expression and decreased (P = 0/002) TNF α expression. Hippocampal weight gain was also associated with increased BDNF gene expression.

resistance training can prevent hippocampal tissue analysis due to diabetes and is important in diabetic patients because of the positive role of the hippocampus on memory. TNF α expression was also decreased. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the physical health of diabetic patients.

Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels from existing vessels, which is an important event in various physiological processes. In this study, the role of exercise along with the consumption of cinnamon bark extract on the expression of important genes in angiogenesis in diabetic male rats was examined.

In this study, 24 diabetic male rats (50 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ)) with 180-220-gram weight and 8-10 weeks old, were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of 1- Control diabetic (CD), 2-Diabetic+cinnamon (D+CZ), 3- Diabetic+exercise (D+E), 4- Diabetic+cinnamon+exercise (D+CZ+E). To investigate the effect of diabetes induction on research variables, six rats were in the healthy control group. Then groups three and four trained for eight weeks, five sessions per week and each session for 10-30 minutes at a speed of 10-18 meters per minute and Groups two and five received 200 mg / kg of cinnamon extract daily by gavage. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test in SPSS software version 22 software were used to analyze the data (P ≥ 0.05).

endothelin-1 (P ≥ 0.05) and eNOS (P ≥ 0.05) gene expression in the diabetic control group were significantly higher than the healthy control group. eNOS and VEGF levels in the exercise group, cinnamon consumption group and endurance training group + cinnamon were not significantly different from the diabetic control group (P ≤ 0.05). But endothelin-1 levels in the endurance training + cinnamon group were higher than the diabetic control group (P ≥ 0.05).

Endurance training and cinnamon bark extract with the present study method amount do not have a significant effect on some angiogenesis markers in the heart tissue of diabetic rats, although due to limited information on the mechanism of the effect of streptozotocin on angiogenesis in Cardiac tissue further studies are needed in this area.

today, the record is one of the major concerns of coaches in competitive swimming. Therefore, finding the proportional type of resistance training as an essential factor affecting physical fitness and performance, is highly important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks total body resistance training on muscular function and performance of young female swimmers.

Twelve college-level female swimmers were divided into Control and TRX group. The control group performed swimming protocol while the experimental group carried out eight swim like TRX addition to swimming program. Muscular function was measured using isokinetic device and swimming performances was measured by the record they reached and the number of hands and feet strokes during 25 and 50 m breaststroke swimming. Independent T-test was used to analyze the research data after subtracting the pretest from the post-test.

Both groups have shown significance improvement in 25 m swimming record but there wasn’t significant difference between groups (P = 0.289). Moreover, Number of strokes decreased significantly in TRX group (P = 0.31). Muscular function factors in 25 m and total work in 50 m has shown improvement in TRX group (P ≤ 0.05).

In general, combination of TRX with swimming training is most effective than swimming alone to improve swimmers performances.

In general, the results of this study indicate that the combination of TRX with swimming training is more suitable for improving swimmers' performance. It is also recommended that swimmers take advantage of this training method due to the principle of Specificity training and easy use.

The aim of the present study was to investigated the effect of 8 weeks of continuous and high intensity intermval swimming on chemerin levels in liver and visceral fat tissues and insulin resistance in rats with metabolic syndrome.

After induction of mice, to the metabolic syndrome, for the program performance, Rats (n = 32) randomly were divided into four groups (n = 8) including: standard or normal control, metabolic syndrome control, continuous swimming and high intensive interval swimming (with metabolic syndrome) groups. The continuous and high intensive interval swimmimg trained up to 65% and almost equivalent 100% of maximal oxygen uptake respectively. Blood and tissue (liver and visceral fat) variables were measured by ELISA method and the results were extracted using variance analysis test with repeated measurement.

Continuous and high intensity interval swimming significantly reduced serum glucose level (P = 0.001), but the two types of performed exercises did not significantly changes in insulin resistance (P = 0.77) and liver tissue chemerin (P = 0.228); only high intensity interval swimming significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue (P = 0.0001) and rat weight (P = 0.029).

According to the results of the present study, both continuous and high intensive interval swimming exercises, can be considered as a preventive approach to improve insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; but performing high intensive interval exercise will be more effective. More researches needed for difinite conclusion.

Recently, the use of resistance training with restricted blood flow (BFR) has been recommended as an alternative to heavy resistance training for middle-aged and elderly people. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effect of resistance training with and without BFR on levels of anabolic and catabolic hormones in middle-age sedentary male.

In this semi-experimental study design, 20 voluntary middle-aged sedentary men (age 47.65 ± 2.53 years) were selected. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of resistance training with and without BFR. Subjects in the 4-week BFR group performed knee extension and leg press at 20% 1-RM intensity, one set of 30 repetitions and two sets of 15 repetitions, and the non-BFR training group performed the same movements at 80% 1-RM intensity in three sets with 10 repetitions. Blood samples were also taken to measure testosterone and cortisol, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. Finally, Data were analyzed by analyses of variance and independent T test. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.

Resting concentrations of growth hormone (P = 0.001), IGF-I (P = 0.001), and serum testosterone (P = 0.001) response increased significantly after four weeks of resistance training. Also, the only increase in resting growth hormone was significantly higher in the BFR group (P = 0.04). However, four weeks of resistance training with (P = 0.11) and without Restricted blood flow (P = 0.55) did not significantly change cortisol concentration.

It seems likely that performing resistance training with BFR during middle age is a good way to achieve the health benefits of exercise training due to hormonal adaptations.

Nearly 2.5 million people worldwide have multiple sclerosis, a chronic neuro-inflammatory disease of the brain and spinal cord that is a common cause of severe physical disability in young people, especially women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of forced and voluntary training before EAE induction on the expression of adhesive molecule ​​(ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) affecting the blood-brain barrier permeability in C57BL/6 mice.

Forty female C57BL/6 mice with weight 18 ± 2 g and age 7 ± 1 weeks were randomly divided to four groups of forced training (n = 12), voluntary training (n=12), EAE control (n = 8) and healthy control (n = 8). To perform the forced training, the mice performed swimming for 30 minutes five days/week for  six  weeks. Also to perform the voluntary training, the mice performed running wheel for one hour five days/week for six weeks. After that ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression were measured by RT-PCR. In data analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test were applied to determine the difference between the groups.

Five weeks recording clinical signs after EAE induction showed a significant difference between the scores of the two training groups and EAE control (P < 0.05). Also, the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 adhesive molecules significantly decreased in the forced and voluntary groups compared to EAE control (P < 0.05), but the forced and voluntary groups significantly did not differ from the healthy control group (P > 0.05).

The forced and voluntary training appears to reduce the blood-brain barrier permeability by reducing the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 adhesive molecules.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and plays an important role in the development of cardiac apoptosis. Evidence suggests that exercise can affect some of the signaling pathways associated with apoptosis. Evidence suggests that exercise can affect some of the apoptosis-related signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic and resistance training on insulin resistance index and BCL-2 to BAX ratio in male Wistar diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats in the weight range of 200 to 250 g were randomly divided into five groups: Aerobic training (n = 6), Resistance training (n = 6), Sham (n = 6), Control (n = 4), Healthy (n = 3) Rats became diabetic by consuming a high-fat diet for six weeks and after six weeks with a single dose of 30 mg / kg streptozotocin injection. Rats in the aerobic group trained on a treadmill for four weeks and five sessions per week, and rats in the resistance group trained on a ladder for four weeks and six sessions per week.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the aerobic and resistance groups of BAX protein and the amount of this protein in the resistance group was lower than aerobic (P= 0.014). There was a significant difference between BCL-2 and BAX ratio between aerobic and resistance groups and this ratio was higher in the resistance group than the aerobic group (P = 0.05). Also, the rate of insulin resistance index in the aerobic group (P = 0.005) and in the resistance group (P = 0.004) after exercise decreased more than before exercise and this difference was significant.

It seems that both resistance training and aerobic training are effective in reducing the amount of insulin resistance index and in comparison between aerobic and resistance training, more resistance training is more effective in reducing apoptotic factors and with increasing exercise intensity, SIRT1 is increased and it inhibits apoptotic factors.

The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of exercise training and creatine supplementation interaction on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in obese male rats.

50 male Wistar rats (weigh; 160 ± 15 g) were randomly divided into five groups. Control, High-fat Diet, High-Fat Diet plus creatine supplementation, High-Fat Diet plus exercise training and High-Fat Diet plus Creatine plus exercise training. Training program was 12 weeks swimming and each week its duration increased. At the end, rats underwent the glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the blood samples for analyzing TG, HDL and insulin collected. Moreover, for determining of PGC-1α expression the SOL muscle dissected. 

Obesity resulted in increased insulin resistance level and it also reduced glucose tolerance and insulin efficiency; creatine supplementation alone did not affect these changes. Training reduced insulin resistance and also elevated glucose tolerance and insulin efficiency in high-fat fed rats and creatine supplementation combined with training had additive effect on these variables. High-fat diet reduced PGC-1α protein level and training elevated it. Creatine supplementation alone or combined with training did not change the expression of this protein (P < 0.05).

For the first time, this study shows that combined creatine supplementation with training resulted in improved glycemic control and insulin efficiency and it also reduced the insulin resistance of obese rats.

One of the changes that occurs in the vascular structure of skeletal muscle during exercise to resolving stress is the process of angiogenesis that has been considered by researchers. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6-week resistance training with different Time under Tension (TUT) on some serum vascular growth factors in inactive girls.

20 female volunteer students (mean age 22.3 yrs) were randomly and equally divided into two groups with different TUT of (1s – 1s) and (2s – 4s). Resistance training was performed for 6-week, three times per week, in eight stations,three sets, the intensity of 75% 1RM (10 repetitions) and 50% 1RM (5 repetitions) to equalize the training load in two groups. Blood samples were taken from the subjects before the training period and 48 hours after the last training session to evaluate the variables of VEGF, GH and endostatin. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance.

There were no significant differences in serum levels of VEGF (P = 0.59) and GH (P = 0.89) between groups following six weeks of resistance training. But there were significant differences in serum endostatin level (P = 0.04) and leg strength (P = 0.01) between the two groups. 

Although there was no significant difference in angiogenesis related-factors between the two groups during six weeks and it is likely to need more time, but in the case of angiogenesis inhibitor, this difference was significant. Also, the more eccentric component was more associated with more strength in the 2s – 4s training.

The metabolic benefits from each individual exercise session (in land vs. water condition) designated for trained diabetic patients remain to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to invesigate blood glucose, FFA, insulin, ANP and epinepherin levels during land vs. water cycling session and also following early post exercise recovery period.

This was a case-crossover study with time series method. Twelve postmenopausal diabetic women (age 66.76 ± 2.3 years), participated in three distinct test sessions with glucose tolerance test at the begining, at control, water and land exercise conditions, following participating in an interval training protocol (six weeks). Both aquatic and land exercise sessions were consisted of three sets of ten min cycling intervals at 40% of Vo2max. Blood sampling were done in five occasions each session including: pre exercise, immediately post exercise and also at 60th, 90th and 120 th min of post exercise period. The data were analyzed by factorial (3×5; three five phase series) ANOVA for repeated measurements using SPSS 21.

acute cycling in both water and land conditions decreased blood glucose (-37% and -39%), insulin (-20% and -17%) and FFAs (-61% and -55%), while serum ANP (169% and 52%) and epinephrine (43% and 82%) were up regulated (P < 0.05). Serum Insulin, FFAs and ANP levels were elevated also followingthe exercise cessation, with a synergic suppression of blood glucose and epinephrine levels (P < 0.05). All measured variables levesl were lower in water exercise session compared to land exercise (P < 0.05).

more beneficial metabolic effects could be provided with an individual training session performed by regularly exercising diabetic patients in water condioton, compared to land exercise and this trend was continued through two hours of recovery period. However; more investigations remain to be done because of the lack of similar evidence and study limitations.