نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 50 (بهار 1401)

The main benefit of analysis in comparative literature between two works is the existence of an idea with different and common angles despite the temporal, spatial and cultural differences. It is very important to analyze the Zarwani and Islamic thought of the famous Hakim of Tous as a comprehensive epic writer and to compare his point of view with the Muslim scientist and politician, Khajeh Nizam-ol-Molk Tusi in the field of litigation and clarifying the angles and ideas of these two greats. Considering that Shahnameh is expresses the idealism and belief of a nation in the field of litigation and justice, in comparing this work with the Syasatnameh of Khajeh Nizam-ol-Molk, it can be said that the approach and strategy of these two famous person of Persian literature in the mentioned works was to invite the tyrants and oppressors of the time to sue; The issue of litigation in Shahnameh is one of the most central issues and in the Syasatnameh more briefly and concisely is stated.

The works of children's literature in poetry and prose like the literary works of adults can be studied and studied from various aspects. Children's stories in narrative are usually simple and easy to understand, but the infrastructure can be full of psychological and interpretable points in the field of psychology. Children's literature is a good platform for indirect discussion of psychological issues; Because the subconscious addresses the child and prepares him to face the outside world by substituting positive and negative psychological issues. Psychological critique is one of the branches that can provide many clues to understand and solve the problems of a work, along with other methods of critique. in this article first, an introduction about the position of psychological critique and the presentation of experts' opinions in this regard were presented, then the scientific background of research and research has been done. The following is a summary of the story of the oldoz and the crows; And after explaining Freud, Jung, and Adler, we have separately critiqued the psychological analysis of the characters in the story. The results of this study show that Freud's views such as defense mechanisms, Jung archetypes and concepts of the inferiority complex are crystallized in the characters of the story according to Adler's theory. This critique suggests that there is a capacity for psychological critique in the depths of children's stories, especially in the story in question, and that this type of critique can be used to understand the depths of their personalities.

Angles of reflection and careful about the words and meanings of Hafez Shirazi has discovered his poems leads. What this study is to explore and analyze is the couplet: این همه شعبده خویش که می‌کرد اینجا سامری پیش عصا و ید بیضا می‌کرد meaning: It's all the black magic himselve to do, Samaritan ago cane and iodine infrount of the Mousas miracle. In this paper, a proposal on how to read these couplet, based on the reasoning and finding point of view and details related to this couplet has been proposed in order to overcome the complexity and the paraphrase on this couplet, and based on the hypothesis compositionall second verse, and descriptive analysis was performed. The deconstruction of it, confirming the hypothesis that. *** Angles of reflection and careful about the words and meanings of Hafez Shirazi has discovered his poems leads. What this study is to explore and analyze is the couplet: این همه شعبده خویش که می‌کرد اینجا سامری پیش عصا و ید بیضا می‌کرد meaning: It's all the black magic himselve to do, Samaritan ago cane and iodine infrount of the Mousas miracle. In this paper, a proposal on how to read these couplet, based on the reasoning and finding point of view and details related to this couplet has been proposed in order to overcome the complexity and the paraphrase on this couplet, and based on the hypothesis compositionall second verse, and descriptive analysis was performed. The deconstruction of it, confirming the hypothesis that.

The present study, examination and compares the contemporary view of metaphor against its new classification.The contemporary theory of metaphors which was systematic put forward by lakoff and Johnson, the study of metaphor transformed in to a conceptual metaphor that is at the core of cognitive linguistics that encompasses the purpose of human thought and experience. Most recently due to the lack of categorization of some mapping names, a new classification was introduced by Afrashi and Hesami (1392), who introduced the structural and ontological classes in to three new Categories: objective to subjective, subjective to subjective and objective to objectiveThe purpose of the present study is to review and criticality two conceptual metaphorical perspective and to express their similarities and differences with some evidence of Afghani and IshiGuro.The research method is descriptive - analytical.The finding of the study showed that although the application of lakoff and Johnson classification is the basis of much of the current research, in some cases it is not sufficiently responsive in classifying metaphors, Therefore the new classification is more efficient.

Surrealism emerged as a school of protest against the terrible and devastating consequences of World War It was, in fact, a reaction to the contemporary contemporary desperation of the rationalism and modern materialism of the modern age. Hence, a man drowned in the sufferings of these years, seeing the best way to escape into the unconscious world, seeks to explore the unconscious and originality It gives rise to surrealism. Islamic mysticism is also a kind of intellectual and epistemological school that, in the path of the discovery of truth, trusts over the taste and illumination more than anything else, and defines the relationship between the Creator and the Creator through the passage from the same to the mind and from the sensible world to the transcendent world. mantegholteyr as one of the representatives of this method of thinking in his subcategories has signs and components of surrealism, which confirms the connection and solidarity of the two schools of thought, surrealism and mysticism, at least in their formal structure. The most important findings of this research are the shared aspects of this mystical work with surrealistic works that can be referred to as: Lamakani and Lazzmani, love, freedom, dreams and imagination, wonder and magic, madness and madness.

Numbers are one of the most important types of archetypes and have been one of the concerns of human minds since time immemorial. It has been the basis of many studies and theories in various sciences. In fact, it is impossible to exclude numbers from everyday life. Numbers, like time and space, have a completely mythological meaning and as one of the most important archetypal ideas, they have many hidden concepts that express mental states and thoughts, worldview, and the world around the owners of the work. In this article, we will examine and apply some numbers in Saadat, Nizamuddin, Astarabadi and Saqi, Zohuri, Tarshizi. Astarabadi and Tarshizi seem to have a deep and precise knowledge of the archetype of numbers and have used them in their works using the element of imagination. Both look at the practical concepts of numbers and have used them in their poems, especially in religious verses. Numbers with similar symbolic meanings but with different frequencies appear in both courts and the frequency of their use in Saadatnameh is higher than Saqinameh. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using the library and digital resources.

In recent decades, narrative and narrative have become a relatively new debate in literary criticism. People like Vladimir Prop, uh. Jay Gromas and Tzutan Todorov are pioneers of the constructivist approach. Influenced theory-writers such as Gerard Gent.. The theory of genes is based on five pivotal concepts that include order, continuity, frequency, aspect and toneWe examined these five principles of genius on the story of lullaby and lilac-from the popular book of Al-Qalub - as a narrative of the tenth century, with a library and analytical approach. To discover the feasibility and validity of narratives through the analysis and analysis of the text, and to grasp the coherent structure of the narrative of the effect. The results of this study, after reviewing and adapting the text to Genet's theory, state that, in terms of time, the text is not linear, the narrative is straightforward, events are going on with characters. In the discussion of continuity, due to the attention of the author in all parts of the story, the description of events and the detailed description of events are negative, and this trend continues until the end of the story. . Frequency is also frequent, which emphasizes the goals of the author in the story of the story. The narrator is the wise, the type of focalization of that variable and the personality of the story is dependent. At first, the story has the first person tone, but in episodic narratives it continues with third person narratives.

Iranian literature underwent a fundamental change during the constitutional period, which is known as the literary revolution. Persian poetry, moving away from its classical traditions and rules, moved on the path of modernity. Iraj Mirza is one of the most influential poets. This is the period. His poetry is changing at this stage, both in terms of content and in terms of formal and linguistic structures. In addition to accepting new political, social and cultural themes, his works include new linguistic features and literary arrays. It is fresh and creative. The most important and most innovative innovations of Iraj Mirza are in the language of his poetry; He has accurately reflected the slang language of the age as well as new Persian and French words in his poetry, which has been very rare in Persian poetry before. The volume of modernities and linguistic and literary innovations of Iraj is so vast that he can be considered the most innovative constitutional poet in this respect. The present article examines the aspects of innovation and creativity in Iraj Mirza's poetry with a form-based stylistic approach; First, he examines the most important manifestations of modernity in the language of his poems in detail, then he identifies and introduces the new content and new literary industries of his poetry with a brief look.

Kalim can be considered as the most capable poet to embody precise meanings and illustrate diluted thoughts in a rhetoric format whose sonnets are full of recognition, subtlety, pristine and innovated themes, imagination, colorful meanings and transcendent metaphors. In this study, the techniques of the themes were studied in Kalim's sonnets. In addition, it was found One of the stylistic and unique methods in Indian style poetry that has created special poetic meanings and contents (strange meaning) is the use of techniques that discover new connections and relations between the concrete and the abstract that there seems to be no connection between them. Moreover, this meticulousness, subtlety, and precision in the detail is a factor that the poet selects even the surrounding objects as one of the thematic elements. that he used various elements for the themes in his sonnets, which played a significant role in the network of images and associations of meaning in his poetry. Since his profound and creative look in one thing or phenomenon was discerning continually the other things that created a new theme through the relation between the expressions of a verse and the( link between them and the triple relation of similarity, proximity, and contradiction via the detailed and partial attitude toward the surrounding objects.

Since Persian r hythm is quantitative and depends on vowel duration, thefunction of stress is not studied carefully yet. This study aims at answering this question: to what extent Persian Poem depends on stress? For answering this question the sonnet number 327 was selected from Hafez and the acoustic features examined carefully. We asked a person who was familiar with prosodic features to read the sonnet twice by Praat Program. Then these data analyzed in three levels: foot, intonation and utterance level. The results reveal that the place of stress does not depend on prosodic features and is not predictable and stress pattern does not affect the rhythm of the Poetry.Then these data analyzed in three levels: foot, intonation and utterance level. The results reveal that the place of stress does not depend on prosodic features and is not predictable and stress pattern does not affect the rhythm of the Poetry.

The identity of reason and love and the issue of opposition, contradiction or alignment between the two is not limited to the present age, but has a long history that goes back to the life of mysticism and Sufism. There is a conflict between reason and love in most of the works of mystics. In appearance, reason is sacrificed at the foot of love, but with more thought, we can see that there is a harmony in their works. Imam Khomeini and Allameh Hassanzadeh Amoli are two prominent and knowledgeable personalities in religious Sciences who have entered the field of Persian literature. This research, which has been done in a comparative and "analytical-descriptive" method, it seeks to identify the mystical concepts of "intellect and love" in the poems of Imam Khomeini and Allameh. They express the characteristics of true love and they pay to the theory of reason and love and the opposition between the two; They denounce the monstrosity intellect and praise the divine intellect; Among their poems, the diagram of true love for the Creator and perfect human beings, especially the Imams of the Infallibles (PBUH) is seen as the main axis of the poem. They know all their cognition through love which is divine; This true love is in opposition to reason and wisdom and is evident throughout their poetry collection and has a very high frequency

This study critiques the structure of the narrative in Ghasem Ali Frost's novel "Headless Palms" based on the theory of Jep Lint-Volt and the model of Labau and Waltski. First, while introducing structuralist theories, a brief history of these two sciences in fiction will be pointed out and two communication patterns in plot structure will be analyzed. Based on this, a similar pattern can be drawn for these stories, because in all these stories, a valuable object called acting on human duty and defending Islam and the homeland is seen. Therefore, an important principle is always repeated in the stories of sacred defense, and that is the impersonality of the sender in these stories. Unlike other types of stories in which a character always leads the actor to a value object, in sacred defense stories there is always an inner force arising from religious beliefs that moves the actor and no worldly reward or external character is involved. It is necessary to know the different dimensions of the stories; the present study, the author uses new approaches to the analysis of the Holy Defense novel entitled "Headless Palms". Critique of the type of narrative in the novel "Headless Palms" .

Every novice or skilled writer while writing a story, in order to create their own fictional characters and also to identify them, consciously or unconsciously turns to characterization and with the help of its various methods, features and It depicts the inner and outer characteristics of the characters in their story. The novel "Kiss God on the Moon" is one of the outstanding works that has been written in recent years. The purpose of this article was to investigate the indirect characterization methods in the mentioned novel. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data have been analyzed using content analysis method. The findings of this study indicate that in this work, the element of dialogue and in the following categories of description of "behavior and actions" and "appearance", "tone and environment" play the most important role in indirect characterization.

In language contact situations, especially in an unstable bilingual community when domains of mother language are diminished, the speakers' patterns of lexical use are changed. The purpose of this study is to explore lexical attrition of Kurdish children residing in Tehran.66 Sardashti Kurdish speakers participated in this study. They have been selected from two different language communities (Tehran/Sardasht). A picture-based vocabulary test of the first language was used to measure the participants' lexical attrition. This study also examines the relationship between individuals' attitude and lexical attrition. For this aim, a language attitude questionnaire was also used to determine the relationship between positive attitude and the degree of lexical loss in the mother tongue. The data analysis showed that the children in Tehran have experienced a significant degree of lexicon attrition. In fact, they were less proficient in using Kurdish words as compared to their peers in Sardasht. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between the speakers' attitudes toward the Kurdish language and the amount of lexical loss.

Comparative literature is a branch of literary criticism that examines the content and structure between works, elements, literary genres, styles, periods, and literary characters in a language or different languages. In this regard, comparative literature in each period, in addition to structural approaches, is a mirror that reflects various social, cultural and political manifestations. Meanwhile, Persian literature and Kurdish literature in the field of comparative literature have always witnessed similarities. In the field of fiction, in Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan, writers such as Sadegh Chubak and Shirzad Hassan are both prominent writers and novelists with a style and influence in contemporary literature and have left lasting works in this field. Considering that Sadegh Chubak and Shirzad Hassan have addressed the issues and problems of their homeland and climate with similar views, the two works "Sang Sabur" and "Tangsir" by Sadegh Chubak, with two works "Woman on the Minaret" and " "Nature darre" by Shirzad Hassan, which are the most famous works of each of the two authors, have been selected for review and comparison. In the present study, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the characteristics of climatic literature such as geographical, cultural and social issues in the four novels are examined. The results indicate that the characteristics of culture and geography have a higher frequency in selected works.

Social semiotics, as a way of reading literary texts, enters into the function of sign processing processes and how they are created. In this way, both the author and the reader, based on their mental reservations and life experiences, are involved in the processes of meaning creation. In this study, a sonnet of Khajoo Kermani with a social semiotics approach and a descriptive-analytic approach has been investigated. The theoretical approach used is based on Daniel Chandler's theories, which analyze the interplay of social and textual and interpretive codes present in the sonnet. The context of the function of social codes in this sonnet is the aesthetic codes of the number of textual codes, in which Khajoo, by summoning different discourses, also interprets the interpretive codes in the semantic processes. What is important as the outcome and outcome of such research is the acquisition of a strategic approach to reading texts in which one can focus on the processes of sign processing and how meaning is created. Missing and silent texts.