نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال چهاردهم شماره 35 (تابستان 1401)

Studies in the field of regeneration management in Iran show that despite the efforts and planning, so far, the process of urban renovation and regeneration in the national level and especially in Tehran has not been carried out with the participation of all actors and stakeholders. However, in recent years, with the formation of the Tehran Metropolitan Reconstruction Headquarter, a concerted effort has been made to achieve inter-organizational coordination, both within the municipality and with related institutions outside the municipality. In spite of these joint actions, there are still political and functional Fragmentation among these actors. Each of these actors has specific powers according to their organizational duties and has access to the necessary resources in this field. However, the inconsistency between their actions and sometimes the overlap of tasks between them and the lack of a clear institutional plan are among the causes that have led to a lack of organizational coordination, thus, the failure to achieve the desired goal. Therefore, the lack of integrated and coordinated management and its support mechanisms in the field of urban renovation and regeneration has caused the renovation process to have a significant distance from the goals of the country's macro-plans. Although the formation of a National Urban Regeneration Headquarter can provide some coordination between different organizations at different national and urban levels, it cannot achieve its main goals without a coherent plan that considers the various tasks of the different institutions in coordination with each other. The purpose of this study is to identify the actors of regeneration and renovation management at the national and local level (Tehran metropolis) as well as the pattern of its current relationships and ultimately the capacity assessment of key actors in this field. Thus, this is an applied research using a mixed method. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, in addition to examining the theoretical foundations of the subject, various documents such as bylaws and memorandum and records of the Tehran Renovation Organization were analyzed. Finally, to increase the reliability and validity of the research and complete the data, the method of interviewing experts and top managers of the involved organizations has been used. Findings show that the number of actors in this field is very high, but in practice it is dominated by the governmental and public sectors (municipalities) while the private sector and local communities have a small role in the structure of regeneration management. In this case, the actors generally follow their specified organizational missions and systematically prefer the interests of the organization to the issue of regeneration. In terms of communication, certain centers are recognizable and vertical connections between institutions are not noticeable. The study also shows that these actors have significant capacities, which have a great potential for policy and management of urban regeneration.

Coastal lands in the South of the Caspian Sea, due to their diverse spatial advantages, are always exposed to the pressures caused by competition for residence and activity. Although the legislative process to guide and control the use and utilization of these lands dates back to about nine decades ago, the implementation of these rules seems to have faced different challenges in each period. This research aimed to link the legislative process to relevant natural and social contexts through the lens of legal geography, using the qualitative methodology approach and document analysis technique. The research findings show that although the legality of space and determination of coastal territories has been carried out through reliance on the sea-level measure, in practice, these laws were nullified because of the use of a static and provisional approach in confronting the natural dynamics of the coast. Also, the lack of recognition of suburban coastal lands by local residents, as well as the conflict of organizational and public interests, have prevented the implementation of the laws for the communization of the sea’s territory. The narratives of this research indicate the importance of the spatiality of coastal land management laws due to the interaction of material (water) and immaterial (power) elements. Law is not just a written regulation on paper. Instead, it intertwines with social life and natural processes. Despite the professional application of modern tools such as laws, bylaws, sea-level surveys, calculating landmarks on coastal lines, preparing maps, bureaucratic inquiries, etc., in the coastal land management system, this study showed that this modern rationality is insufficient to overcome the agency of natural elements. In order to be concrete, the abstract laws and regulations have to deal with the power and interest conflicts on the one hand and the dynamics of unpredictable coastal nature on the other hand. Legislation on coastal lands needs to be based on a dynamic, action-reaction approach instead of a static and pathological one. Considering the risk line of -25m approved because of the long-term period in the Integrated Coastal Zone Management program (2014) can play a significant role in including the agency of water and can provide unity of procedure in decision-making processes. Also, the urban/peri-urban coast binary can be eliminated within the framework of integrated coastal land management, regardless of the official borders. In this context, it is necessary to empower the local communities to support their coastal interests and transfer authority to them to express conflict so that social monitoring of peri-urban coastal lands can prevent their exclusive utilization of the public coast. On the other hand, adjusting the organizational structure for integrated policymaking for the coast can play a significant role in achieving social equity and environmental protection goals in coastal areas. It seems that transition from the mentioned binaries will be possible through adopting a relational approach to planning for coastal areas.

It seems that the unknown conditions and undefined rights often play a role in the subaltern movements, in which the practical and unconscious actions appear to be prevalent. Planning theory, due to its rational roots, has typically been critical of the unconscious. However, the unconscious and practical knowledge is usually identified as a source of intuition in the everyday culture of Iranians (and probably many other cultures). After the global spread of the planning profession, culture has lost its former significance in formal planning, but probably persists in everyday urban life. Although there have been many studies on "insurgent movements", it seems that they have less focus on the probable effect of insurgency on formal planning. The Structuration theory of Giddens shows how the practical (but unconscious) knowledge can become formal and get conscious. Drawing on this theory, some of the recent debates on the informal urbanism and insurgent movements in the so-called "developing" countries will be reviewed until the structuration potential of insurgency become clear in them. In this article, this potential is studied within the problem-ridden Shush neighborhood of Tehran. In this case study, after a review of the current situation of Shush, the viewpoints of different parties (formal and informal) regarding the problems and the solutions they adopted are assessed and compared. The information was gathered through direct observation, news review, interviews with local officials and social activists (or by listening to their speeches), and a review of the social network accounts of the Imam Ali Society, which has had a prevalent and multi-faceted presence in this neighborhood for a significant time and could be regarded as a representative of other NGOs. For the comparison, we draw upon the logic of factor analysis, after it is customized to the conceptual and qualitative setting of this study. This comparison showed that while formal planning could not identify the essence of many of the problems for years, NGOs (namely Imam Ali society) were able to identify the major problems earlier and take more appropriate actions. It also shows that those actions are incorporated into formal planning institutes, at least at the local level. It is argued that this process can be identified as a Structuration process in which the informal and practical knowledge becomes formal. This argument is confirmed by our observations and information. While the municipality's administration has emphasized on the collaboration with NGOs (like other reviewed cities in the so-called developing countries), the informal section seems to prefer to remain insurgent (namely Imam Ali Society), and the fact that it is insurgent is sometimes regarded as its advantage. Thus, it can be concluded that this process of structuration takes place without any logical media or conceptual communication. Referring to our theoretical review, it can be said that it is precisely the unknown and vague that seems to be the prerequisite of formalizing the practical knowledge. At least where the communicative democracy is not deeply rooted in the public organizational culture, the clarity and legal definition might oppress the structuration.

The right to have proper housing is one of the main and most important rights of humans in society. This will become more important considering population growth and increasing human interactions, especially in urban areas. The goal of this research is to determine the housing rights indicators to fulfill the desires and needs of the residents. The concept of the right to housing has been addressed in different eras under moral right, individual right, social right and political right. Based on the literature review and the theoretical framework of the subject, the right to urban housing can be determined in two aspects: natural and civil. The natural aspect of the right to housing is fulfilling different levels of needs and desires of the residents and contains moral and individual rights. Using the descriptive-analytic method, these levels can be divided into three categories: basic needs and desires, various needs and desires, and changing needs and desires. Housing design must meet such conditions that considering all three levels of need and desire fulfill the following rights: (1) Right to have, which is the primal, basic and common right among all residents. (2) Right to choose, which shows the non-basic needs and desires of the residents based on their personal differences and democratic architecture principles. (3) Right to adapt, which stresses the necessity of adaptation of housing qualities to the needs and desires of the residents which changes over time. The civil aspect of the right to housing is explained through the governmental system of each society due to the social and political meaning of the right. Hence the adaptive studying of housing policy setting in liberal, semi liberal and non-liberal societies show the importance of four main indicators in four different aspects of housing planning: (1) Management Policy, which determines the organization responsible for providing housing, security of tenure, and target group. (2) Financial Policy, which determines method of payment, securing budget, and tax credits. (3) Designing Policy, which determines a way to design sufficient and proper housing for all. (4) Housing Assignment Policy, which determines the method of choosing and receiving housing. In each of the mentioned aspects, recommendations have been made to start a mechanism to adjudicate the right to urban housing so that with the consideration of all these indicators, the planners and designers of contemporary urban housing complexes are able to fulfill the right to housing to the extent of their position. The housing that is the product of collaboration between the residents and the workers will undoubtedly better meet the needs, desires and rights of residents. Considering that the laws of designing and production of urban residential complexes do not define such rights for residents, explaining these natural rights, can be a step towards transforming these rights into civil laws.

The street has always had a mental and conceptual life that makes it a readable object and full of signs. In this regard, the visible and public form in it, is the subject of flaneur who observes and perceives the street as a stage for showing modern aspects. Isfahan's Chaharbagh Street has also been associated with evidence related to the experience of "modernity" that makes the flow of the flaneur in it thought-provoking. A street with a cultural and social collection of the firsts that became a frame of seeing and being seen and was distinguished from other streets. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to describe experiencing modernity in Chaharbagh Street in the form of a historical narrative. Accordingly, the two main narrations are described and explained with emphasis on the two axes of the street and the flaneur. The method of data collection has been literature review. The necessity to address this issue is highlighted by the following points: Firstly, the need for a historical view of Chaharbagh Street in the context of a modern object and a point of identity and heritage which is one of the first roots of modernity in this city, and then the transformation of the modern subject (flaneur) and the suspension in the first presence, sitting and looking at this street due to the changes of contemporary urbanization. The results show that the obvious experience of modernity was realized in the Pahlavi era with physical manifestations such as theater, cinema, cafe, shop, and passage and three types of the public, buyer and avant-garde flaneur. However, these changes and innovations did not create a pleasant feeling for everyone and the modern appearances of the city and its street as a traditional city were considered strange patches. After the Islamic Revolution, the experience of modernity was formed in the format of large and cheap commercial spaces, as well as a new type of cafes and cinemas, which led to the growth of buyer flaneur, especially women. Modernity led to the expansion of the female public sphere and allowed them to develop a new and seemingly independent identity, a woman who was often confined to the private sphere and whose entry into the public sphere without a male companion was considered a disgrace, at least found opportunities to stroll. In addition, the public flaneur had more opportunities than the avant-garde flaneur and has been present in Chaharbagh as a spectator to see and being seen to this day. They use this place for hanging out, doing optional activities, making friends, having fun, and spending time. Also, with the re-emergence of Chaharbagh as a pedestrian street in the last decade, it has been turned into a cultural pathway, and it led to the formation of the adventurous flaneur in a state of resistance which is not aligned with its dominant discourse. Young people and adolescents who, on the one hand, seek to be seen beyond their social reality and, on the other hand, take steps in Chaharbagh to react to the existing order and conquer the public space.

The mechanical sound wave tends to propagate freely in space. In the open environment, sound energy decreases over time due to geometric divergence and environmental losses, but in the closed environment, which is defined by architecture; The boundaries of the space create another event on the produced sound and make its features more different. The shape of the mentioned range affects the sound quality and the architectural space in its 6 dimensions is defined as a range in which the sound acquires different qualities in dealing with it. The desired acoustic quality in the construction of mosques is one of the requirements for the design of this space, because the audience interacts with their sense of hearing in the presence and benefit of this place of worship. The desired listener in the architectural space requires the correct knowledge of the architectural components, the shape of the plan and the formal structure are among the most important. The geometric shape of the plan is one of the factors determining how sound is distributed in the architectural space, while the structural geometry and form of the space are also influential. If it is possible to study only some of the variables by proving some parameters in architectural aspects; It can be argued that the effect of the selected factor on the acoustic quality has been investigated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of plan shape geometry on acoustic quality in the columnar form model of mosques, which can be evaluated in various volumetric classifications. The present study has selected the geometry of the plan as a study variable among the various components of architecture and the elements that form the form such as columns, domes, materials, etc. that is called formal geometry. In order to achieve its goal, 12 different examples of historical mosques in Tabriz that have fixed structure geometry; It has been analyzed in 4 volumetric categories and in three formal categories. The study tool is field measurement and is based on ISO3382 measurement. Background noise, Reverberation time and sound pressure level are the acoustic variables studied. The research results prove that formal geometry dominates the research results and its proof has led to the similarity of quantitative and qualitative acoustic achievements. In other words, it can be said that in the acoustics of mosques, formal geometry is preferable to plan geometry, which determines the acoustic quality of the space. If other examples are designed with similar formal geometry, regardless of the plan geometry in them, similar acoustic behaviors will not be unexpected. However, there are slight differences in the longitudinal geometry of both the quantitative results and the qualitative achievements of the sound camera; Indicates the need to pay attention to the elongation of space in the direction of the Qqibla. Therefore, in general, it can be said that the research achievement states that despite the fact that longitudinal geometry offers a different function, in a more comprehensive view, formal geometry in same material is preferable to plan geometry and its stability has led to homogeneity of acoustical behavior in samples.