Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology
Volume:11 Issue: 2, Spring 2022

The Rock-Eval pyrolysis is a thermal method that is widely used by the petroleum geologist for evaluation of source rock characteristics and obtain geochemistry parameters. However, there are misconceptions and misuses in exceptional cases that could lead to erroneous conclusions after using the Rock-Eval pyrolysis data to evaluate the properties of organic matter. However, a cross-plot of S2 (petroleum potential) versus TOC (total organic carbon) is the usable tool to solve issues and applied for checking the accuracy of the geochemistry parameters. The graph provides the correction criteria for the S2, HI (hydrogen index), and kerogen type. As well as, the graph measures the adsorption of hydrocarbon by the mineral matrix. In addition, this article demonstrates a manner based on the data plot of S2 versus TOC to detect bitumen or hydrocarbon contaminations. Based on our knowledge about the Garau Formation as a possible source rock in petroleum geology of Iran, a geochemistry study by Rock-Eval VI pyrolysis and Leco Carbon Analyzer has been conducted on many rock samples collected from different outcrops in the Lurestan province, Aligudarz region, from South-West of Iran, High Zagros. Plotting the data on a cross plot of S2 versus TOC, drawing the regression line, and finding the regression equation are the best method for determining the real values of S2 and HI parameters and bitumen/hydrocarbon contamination. Contamination creates a y-intercept in the graph of S2 versus TOC which makes geochemistry data unreliable in two study location. As, led to the S2 and HI data unrealistically increased, while the Tmax values went down and reduced the thermal maturity of the organic matters from its real status. For skipping the effect of contamination and obtaining the real geochemistry parameters, the y-intercept of the graphs removed and the corresponding values subtracted from the HI and S2. The cause of contamination in the Garau Formation is the adhesion of heavy bitumen to organic facies due to the covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen ions.

The oil industry is looking for a way to develop reservoir management and optimal production of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The use of advanced technologies in the extraction of oil and gas reserves is very important in advancing the short-term and long-term goals of this industry, both in terms of product type and process. A technology roadmap is a plan that implements short-term and long-term goals by using technology solutions to help achieve the goals; ; The technology roadmap for in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)/ improved Oil Recovery (IOR) oil fields has been developed based on the emphasized fields and areas of the target technology and has been expressed in a ten-year period according to the existing challenges and preventive measures, and all research and executive activities will be carried out with the focus on the roadmap.In this research, using the case study research method, by studying 9 case of research conducted in the research and technology of the National Iranian Oil Company, a map of executive achievements and technological solutions in each of the target technology areas: reservoir, well and The facilities have been identified and presented based on the challenges and implementation stages. The results of this study showed that in this roadmap, the issue of creating, developing and equipping specialized centers for EOR, raising skills, expertise and knowledge and transferring technology as achievements Sustainability is key and in addition to other achievements, outputs and results of each stage and technological solutions to challenges has been highly emphasized and important

The effect of using Conocarpus extract as a green inhibitor on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in a 1M HCL environment was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The impedance test showed that the polarization resistance increased from 29 for the blank solution to 299 for the solution containing 2500 ppm of Conocarpus extract. The results of the polarization test showed that at room temperature, the corrosion current density for the blank solution decreased from 3.5E-4 to 2.6E-5for the solution containing 2500 ppm of Conocarpus extract, and the potential was shifted to negative values. The polarization test was performed at three temperatures of 25, 55, and 85. The results showed that the efficiency of 1925 ppm has decreased from 93% at room temperature to 86% at 85 ° C. Obviously, the high-temperature efficiency has not reduced significantly, which means the effectiveness of Conocarpus extract at high temperatures. FTIR test also proved that the corrosion inhibitory effect of Conocarpus extract is due to the presence of heteroatoms such as N, S, and O. The adsorption isotherm results showed that the adsorption of the extract as a single layer on the surface is consistent with the Langmuir isotherm.

Oil well cementing is a multi-purpose operation, in which cement slurries are prepared by mixing water, cement and various additives and is pumped into the well in order to isolate productive zones, protect the casing pipe, perform remedial operations, controlling drilling fluid lost or abandon the well. Various additives are used to improve the mechanical properties of the slurry. Weight-enhancing additives are materials with specific gravity higher than cement, which increase the weight of the slurry. Improving the mechanical properties of these type of cement slurries has always been an important issue in the discussion of oil wells cementing. In this study, the effects of nano zeolite on heavy-weight oil well cement slurry were investigated in laboratory to improve the rheological and mechanical properties of the cement. In the designed experiments, nano-zeolite was added to the slurry with the amount of 1, 2 and 3% BWOC. The results showed that nano zeolite acts as an additive to reduce the thickening time, increase the plastic viscosity and reduces the yield point of the slurry. The experiments also showed that in general, the addition of nano-zeolite to the cement slurry from 1 to 3% BWOC led to an increase in the free fluid of the cement slurry, but did not show any effect on the control of the fluid loss. Finally, by adding 2% BWOC of nano zeolite, the compressive strength of the cement stone increased and the initial setting time of cement slurry decreased.

Increasing demand of hydrocarbons has prompted new strategies of recovery by application of nanoparticle-surfactant flooding in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR). Some mechanisms involved in improving oil mobility are alteration of rock wettability and reduction in interfacial tension between the oil and water. In this work, silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized, characterized and their effect on wettability alteration and interfacial tension (IFT) between the oil and SiO2 NPs dispersed in Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solutions was determined. Experiments on displacement of oil by flooding with brine and NPs dispersed in SDS solution were investigated in a micro glass model. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the mineral structure and platy polycrystallite morphologies that gave an estimated particle size of 88 nm using Scherrer’s formula. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed characteristic symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations. The wettability alteration and IFT measured showed changes in wettability from water-wet towards a more water-wet condition and a decrease in IFT respectively as the SDS concentration increased. The optimum oil recovery of 67.45% was obtained at 2.08 mM SDS when SDS concentrations were varied (2.08, 6.25, 8.33, 10.42 and 14.58 mM) at constant SiO2 NPs (0.1% wt.). Having obtained the optimum oil volume from OOIP at 2.08 mM SDS, SiO2 NPs concentration was varied (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25% wt.) at constant SDS concentration (2.08 mM). This optimized approach gave an excellent total oil recovery of 78.36% at 0.2% wt. SiO2NPs. It is therefore recommended that 0.2% wt. SiO2NPs with 2.08 mM SDS be applied in oil recovery.

Asphaltene-induced formation damage is one of the complicated processes of permeability damage in porous media, particularly in the near-wellbore area. Asphaltene particles precipitate out of the bulk fluid phase during production as a consequence of pressure drop, which may reduce permeability owing to both deposition of asphaltene nanoparticles on porous media surfaces and plugging of pore throats by larger asphaltene agglomerates. Asphaltene precipitation and deposition in production tubes and surface facilities are well-documented concerns, and many solutions for managing them are available. However, the effects of asphaltene in the reservoir, particularly in the near-wellbore zone, are little known. In this study, using an artificial porous medium, experimental data on pressure drop due to changes in parameters such as flow rate, type of precipitant n-alkane solvent (N-heptane alkane solvent and n-decane are used), and percentage of precipitant were obtained. Next, the amount of permeability reduction due to asphaltene deposition in a porous medium has been calculated. To identify the dominant mechanism in reducing clogging, experimental data was fitted with the proposed quasi-experimental models at different time intervals. One of the study's accomplishments was determining the major mechanism of permeability reduction (in vitro) using a reasonably basic model with the least dependent parameters and a decent approximation. According to the findings, pore throat plugging becomes the dominant mechanism of permeability reduction, although filtration cake formation and surface deposition may exist during the tests.