Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume:12 Issue: 3, Mar 2022

Gamification involving application of elements of game play that provides unique opportunities to learners to sail through complex medical concepts is gaining importance in medical education. The current study was aimed at assessing the perception of medical students regarding checkerboard game in enhancing learning process.

The present prospective cross‑sectional study was conducted at the microbiology department. The fifth-year medical students of the academic year 2018–19 were the participants. Pre‑ and post‑test scores and self‑administered questionnaire regarding effectiveness of the checkerboard game‑based learning were used as assessing tools. The data were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20. The pre‑ and post‑test scores of students were statistically analyzed using paired t test. A descriptive analysis on the 3‑point Likert scale of effectiveness survey was measured and expressed in percentages.

In total, 124 fifth-year medical students participated in the study. Majority (89.5%) of them liked the game, nearly 86% opined that game was enjoyable and created interest. Approximately 88% indicated game helped them to understand the topic, enhanced learning, and thus improved the knowledge. Most students (79%) also believed that game encouraged critical thinking and problem solving, while 75% felt that it improved their communication skills. Around 70% felt that game was also useful for exam preparation and nearly 90% recommended to use the game more frequently.

From the results of the study, it can be concluded that checkerboard game‑based learning method is effective in fostering learning process and cognition of medical students in the microbiology course

Eating disorders (EDs) can lead to life‑threatening nutritional deficiencies whereas self‑esteem influences interpersonal relationships and academic performance. Excessive concerns about body image resulting in body dissatisfaction not only affect psychological well‑being but also predisposes to disordered eating behaviors. The objective of this study is to assess the eating behavior and level of self‑esteem, their relationship with body image perception and also identify factors associated with them among undergraduate female college students.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted among 180 female undergraduate students of University of Delhi. Sociodemographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Eating Attitude Test‑26, Rosenberg Self‑esteem Scale, Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Body Shape Questionnaire 34 were used to assess eating behavior, self‑esteem, body image dissatisfaction and body shape concerns, respectively. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used and binary logistic regression was applied to identify the factors determining high risk eating behavior and low self‑esteem.

In this study, 27.8% of the study participants were overweight or obese, 30.6% had body shape concerns and 76.7% had body image dissatisfaction. Significant proportion (13.9%) of the participants was identified as high risk for the development of EDs and having low self‑esteem (12.8%). Body shape concern and family influences were significant predictors of high risk eating behavior whereas type of college and family influences significantly predicted low self‑esteem.

The study concluded that factors such as nutritional status, family influences, type of college and body shape concerns lead to high risk eating behavior and low self‑esteem. These findings will help in creating awareness on importance of concept of positive body image, healthy weight control behaviors and in developing future interventions.

Even in an era of automation and digitalization, Manual Material Handling (MMH) can be called the most common industrial task. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) induced by manual handling tasks on the workers of a printing factory in Tehran in 2017 and then to evaluate the effectiveness of a training intervention based on health promotion.

This study had quasi experimental design and was conducted on 40 men. First, demographic data were collected and the Nordic questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of MSDs in workers. Then, MMH tasks were assessed using Manual Handling Assessment Chart (MAC). A short training course was designed to promote health. Finally, the same MMH tasks were re‑evaluated 3 months after the training intervention.

Among the various tasks, the highest prevalence of work‑related MSDs (WMSDs) was observed in the lower back (77.5%) and shoulder (62.5%). Based on the final scores of the MAC method, the jobs that received the highest scores were cutting (individual lifting), with 22 scores and action level “immediately necessary,” cutting (individual load carrying), with 15 scores with action level “urgently needed.” Arranging the forms (individual lifting) received a similar score. After the training intervention, the estimated risk level reduced by 12, 9, and 6 points, respectively, reaching a safe action level, i.e., “necessary in the future.”

The results demonstrated that educational interventions might be equally effective in low‑technology work environments. More in general, the MAC method can be used to make informed planning of educational interventions against WMSDs risk in MSDs. This health promotion approach is critical for care of human recourse.

Role of clinical skill training in the formation of skills and professional competencies of midwifery students is important. Hence, the use of “training new methods are essential in clinical settings.” This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of simulation training in obstetric emergencies. In this meta‑analysis study, international databases of Web of Science, Scopous, Proquest, and PubMed and Iranian databases such as Irandoc, Magiran, and SID were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2020 using related keywords. Based on the consortium checklist, the full text of the selected articles was reviewed and in case of a specific score, the article was analyzed. The results show that, out of 420 studies after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only nine clinical trial articles were reviewed. Studies were conducted in Iran, the United States, France, China, and Chicago. The results of meta‑analysis showed that the simulation training method can be effective in managing midwifery emergencies. Hence, the use of simulation training method can be effective in various areas of learning related to obstetric emergencies.

The depression, anxiety, and stress is a major educational problem among students all around the world. The purposes of this study were to determine the depression, anxiety, and stress among the high school adolescent children in public and private schools in Rangareddy district, Telangana state.

The present study was a cross‑sectional study. The study sample considered 120 children from private schools and 259 children from public schools were studied. The study tool used was a questionnaire containing DASS (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale and sociodemographic characteristics. The data were expressed as proportion and mean values (Analysis of variance, independed t‑test, and Pearson correlation) spatially tests were used at a significance level of P < 0.05).

The overall prevalence of depression in children from the public school was found to be only 5%, that of anxiety was 20.8%, and that of stress was 15.8%; the overall prevalence of depression in children from private schools was found to be 1.9%, that of anxiety was 20.5%, and that of stress was 20.1%.

In both schools, anxiety and atress were found to be more among study participants. Depression was observed to be less. But if they have more anxiety and stress and if not taken proper care at this point of time, it might get converted into a state of Depression.

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic induced the governments around the world to impose harsher preventive measures like stay at home order, lock down etc., to contain the spread of infection. This measure increased the stress of the general population through isolation of masses, loss of employment, and loss of recreation. There is a dearth of quality data showing anxiety levels among the population and association of novel nonpharmaceutical measures such as online meditation with it.

The study is a cross‑sectional comparative study based on an online survey. The study population included 74 adult participants, out of which 30, included in the study group were attending structured online meditation sessions and 44 of the participants as a comparison group after matching age, gender, location of residence, and socioeconomic status. The data was collected using self‑administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was applied to ascertain factors contributing to the anxiety levels of the participants.

Both the groups of participants were comparable in terms of their demographic characteristics. The mean generalized anxiety disorder (GAD 7) score among the participants of online meditation program was significantly lower as compared to those not attending any online meditation. 6.7% of the participants of online meditation had GAD 7 score more than 10 as compared to 13.6% among the comparison group (P value 0.7).

“At home” mental health promotion measures such as structured online meditation can serve an important role in mitigating the mental health impact of COVID‑19 pandemic on the community. Further researches are needed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of such measures.

The extent and complexity of knowledge in the field of medicine necessitate modern education systems. Rational performance in the education system depends on the synergy of educators through knowledge sharing as the basis of education. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge‑sharing strategies in clinical education and its changes during the COVID‑19 pandemic.

The content analysis was conducted in 2019 at Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Twenty‑seven clinical instructors with enough experience and knowledge in the field of clinical education were chosen based on purposive theoretical sampling. Data collection was done by semi‑structured interviews, which continued until data saturation. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and read several times to obtain a whole understanding. Next, the meaning units and initial codes were identified, and then, they were classified into subcategories and categories. To ensure the trustworthiness of the data, Lincoln and Guba criteria were considered.

The results of the study include five pedagogical knowledge‑sharing strategies: “peer‑helping, clinical education workplace,” “use of cyberspace,” “student mediation,” “working teams,” and “scientific communities.” Coronavirus pandemic was identified as the “facilitator” and the “culturalization factor” of knowledge sharing. In addition, “lack of shared knowledge management,” “lack of compliance with needs,” and “dispersion of content” were considered as barriers to the efficiency of pedagogical knowledge sharing during the coronavirus pandemic.

Sharing knowledge in a clinical education setting could continue by various strategies. The results can be used in planning for the professional development of professors.

Natural delivery is distressing, and the mother’s anxiety in this condition can have negative impacts on the fetus, mother, and the delivery process. Hence, many women tend to use pharmacological or nonpharmacological methods for reduction of labor stress and anxiety. The aim was to assess the effect of supportive care and acupressure during labor on the mother’s anxiety level and arterial oxygen pressure of the umbilical cord of infants.

This performed on 150 pregnant women were randomly assigned to two interventions and a control group in the delivery ward of the selected educational center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shoushtari Hospital) in Iran. Mothers’ anxiety scores before (beginning of the active stage of labor) and after intervention (the end of the first stage of labor) were measured using Spielberger’s questionnaire. Then, infants’ cord blood samples for arterial blood gas and hematologic analyses were sent to the hospital’s laboratory. After all, the data with SPSS version 16 and using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, one‑way ANOVA, were analyzed.

The mean of anxiety score in the control group was 21.1% and in the supportive group and the acupressure group, respectively, decreased by 37.5% and 34.8%, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean of PO2 was also reported in the maternal supportive, acupressure, and control groups, 40.4 ± 8.8, 27.4 ± 2.8, and 18.1 ± 3.7, respectively. Additionally, a significant correlation was found between mothers’ anxiety scores after the intervention and the mean of PO2 (P = 0.014).

The supportive care and acupressure at BL32 acupoint reduced mothers’ anxiety and consequently improved fetal oxygenation. Therefore, these methods are recommended to be used during labor for improving birth outcomes.

Forecasting the future trend of health expenditures is an important step toward sustainable financing of health‑care systems. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework for forecasting Iran health spending growth.

At first, we concentrated on the general model and conceptual framework of health expenditure projection by reference to a broad literature review and smart classifications of the origins of health spending and indicators. At the second step, we developed a time series modeling for econometric estimation and forecasting national health expenditure without restrictive assumptions except for current laws and regulatory environment. In the third step, we tested the accuracy of model by forecasting Iran real per capita health expenditures (2017–2025).

The results of the literature review represented a distinct classification of the origins of health spending and indicators, applicable to any health system and health spending projection model. Furthermore, the model of expenditure forecasting shows the power of certainty of no spurious estimation, assessment of the normal state of a health system, and test of the accuracy of forecasting results. The projection by the Iranian health system database showed that the real per capita health spending will grow 43 percent till 2025 in the absence of any unforeseen disturbance in the future.

The presented model provides estimates that are compatible with actual trends of health spending and can be applied to forecast health expenditure in the near future. The forecasted image of Iran’s health spending growth implies that health authorities need to concentrate more on the growth rate of the health budget and its fiscal space in the near future.

Research is a core essential component of evidence‑based medicine. The current study was undertaken to sensitize the undergraduate medical students the concept of biomedical research to sharpen their clinical skills.

This educational interventional study was done with a systemic random sample of 120 medical students in a tertiary care hospital. A workshop on biomedical research was conducted by the institutional ethics and medical education committee members followed by group activity regarding how to write the protocol of a research study. The protocols were then assessed using prestructured checklist by facilitators and feedback from the students and facilitators were assessed using student t‑score.

The pretest (5.86 ± 1.75) scores and posttest scores (11.82 ± 2.47) of multiple choice questions and open‑ended questions showed statistically significant difference. The feedback of students showed that 49.48% of students strongly agreed that contents discussed in the workshop were adequate, 61.85% agreed about better understanding of the topics of the workshop, 60.80% agreed that their queries and doubts are cleared, 53.6% agreed that the workshop motivates them to do research, and 44.3% agreed that they will attend the similar workshops in future. The protocols submitted by groups of students using the checklist showed 26%–80% scores.

The student’s knowledge on research methodology was significantly improved and teaching basic research methods to medical students at an early stage motivates the student to do research.

There is limited research on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge level among very young adolescents aged between 10 and 14 years. Policy makers and educators are unable to address very young adolescents’ SRH needs without proper understanding of their SRH knowledge. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore very young adolescents’ SRH knowledge level and the influences of demographic variables on the respondents’ SRH knowledge level in Malaysian primary schools.

This cross‑sectional study involved 617 primary five students who were recruited through multistage sampling method from the state of Johor, Malaysia. A self‑administered questionnaire (Cronbach’s α = 0.81) which comprised of 38 items related to puberty, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, prevention of child sexual abuse and reproductive systems and reproduction was used. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the association between demographic variables and student’s SRH knowledge.

Based on the results, 28.5% of the respondents had unsatisfactory level of SRH knowledge. Among the four dimensions, the respondents had more knowledge on prevention of child sexual abuse but displayed poorer knowledge on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases topic. The findings indicated female (odd ratio [OR] = 1.464) and Indian respondents (OR = 3.208) are more likely to exhibit poor SRH knowledge which suggested demographic factors exert some extent of influence on primary school children’s SRH knowledge.

The findings provide useful insights for the policy makers and educators seeking to improve the comprehensiveness of culturally accepted sexuality education which are essential in promoting young adolescents’ well‑being.

Impulsiveness is a multidimensional and multifaceted construct that plays an important role in understanding various psychopathology and problematic behavior. It is necessary to study the psychometric properties of instruments in the new culture before its scientific application, and it also contributes to external validity. The current study was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Short Form of the Impulsiveness Questionnaire UPPS‑P (SUPPS‑P) in a sample of male soldiers serving in the military service.

The present research design is cross‑sectional in 2019–2020. The Iranian version of the SUPPS‑P was prepared across forwarding translation, reconciliation, and back‑translation. The research sample included 254 soldiers who were selected via convenience sampling method and completed a set of scales, including the SUPPS‑P scales, short‑form self‑compassion scale, McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder(MSI‑BPD), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ), and the Deliberate Self‑harm Inventory (DSHI). The construct validity of SUPPS‑P scale was measured using confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity. For reliability, Cronbach’s alpha and test–retest reliability (with 2 weeks interval) were used. Data were analyzed using LISREL software (version 8.8) and SPSS version 22.

The results showed that the SUPPS‑P scale is a reliable and valid scale with acceptable internal consistency and acceptable test–retest reliability among soldiers. In terms of convergent validity, SUPPS‑P showed a significant positive correlation with measures of MSI‑BPD, PERS, and DSHI. SUPPS‑P showed a negative

Daily consumption of fruit and vegetable (F and V) can effectively reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases; therefore it is necessary to identify the factors affecting this behavior. This study aimed to determine the Predictive Power of Pender’s Health promotion model (HPM) constructs in F and V consumption behavior and the effects of some background variables on this behavior.

A descriptive‑correlation study was conducted on 418 employees working in different offices of Qaemshahr, Mazandaran Province from April 8, 2019, to July 23, 2019. The participants filled out a questionnaire about perceived F and V Consumption behavior based on Pender’s HPM Constructs. The data were statistically analyzed by descriptive statistics and parametric tests, including the Pearson correlation, Independent– Sample t‑test, One‑Way analysis of variance test, and multiple linear regression, in SPSS‑22.

The mean age of participants was 40.25 ± 7.56 years. The results showed that F and V consumption behavior was positively correlated with some constructs of Pender’s HPM including, behavioral outcome (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), previous related behavior (r = 0.48, P < 0.001), commitment to action (r = 0.47, P < 0.001), perceived self‑efficacy and behavior‑related emotions (r = 0.39, P < 0.001). Behavioral outcome alone explained 26% of the dependent variable changes (F and V consumption behavior). The results also indicated that there was a significant relationship between gender and F and V consumption behavior (P = 0.01).

The study findings demonstrated that some of Pender’s HPM Constructs could predict F and V consumption behavior. Behavioral outcome alone was a strong predictor of this behavior. Therefore, in addition to background variables, these constructs should be taken into account in the development of training interventions and courses.

Effective clinical teaching is crucially important for patient care in future. Therefore, proper clinical training is essential to make physicians capable of delivering high‑quality health care.

The present study was a cross‑sectional research. After translating the questionnaire into Persian, it was distributed among medical students in the clinical years of medical education in teaching hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The System for Evaluation of Teaching Qualities (SETQ) has 25 questions in a 6‑scale Likert scale that evaluates clinical tutors in five dimensions of teaching and learning environment, professional attitude toward students, transferring of goals, evaluation of students, feedback, and promoting self‑directed learning. Instrument reliability was assessed by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, whereas questionnaire content validity was evaluated by relative content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). To evaluate the structural validity, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted.

The SETQ was completed by 127 medical students. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the total questionnaire was estimated as 0.908. The factor analysis showed that the questionnaire was composed of six factors, explaining 66.14% of the total variance. The CVI and CVR indices of the individual items were also acceptable.

The findings of our study showed that the Persian version of SETQ questionnaire had the acceptable reliability and validity to be used in assessing clinical tutors in different hospitals in Iran.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the future of surgery. Technological advancements are taking place at an incredible pace, largely due to AI or AI‑backed systems. It is likely that there will be a massive explosion or “Cambrian explosion” of AI in our everyday life, largely aided by increased funding and resources spent on research and development. AI has also significantly revolutionized the medical field. The concept of machine learning and deep learning in AI is the crux of its success. In surgical practice, AI has numerous applications in the diagnosis of disease, preoperative planning, intraoperative assistance, surgical training and assessment, and robotics. The potential automation of surgery is also a possibility in the next few decades. However, at present, augmentation rather than automation should be the priority. In spite of the allure of AI, it comes with its own price. A robot lacks the “sixth sense” or intuition that is crucial in the practice of surgery and medicine. Empathy and human touch are also inimitable characteristics that cannot be replaced by an AI system. Other limitations include the financial burden and the feasibility of using such technology on a wide scale. Ethical and legal dilemmas such as those involving privacy laws are other issues that should be taken under consideration. Despite all these limitations, with the way technology is progressing, it is inevitable that AI and automation will completely change the way we practice surgery in the near future. Thus, this narrative review article aims to highlight the various applications and pitfalls of AI in the field of surgery

The novel 2019 COVID‑19 spreads by respiratory and aerosols, and this elevates the risk of dentistry during this pandemic. Widespread disease, in a short time, creates stress and has a psychological impact. The aim of this study was planned to assess the stress level of the dentists living or practicing or studying in hot spots which could help to understand mental status among the general dentists during COVID‑19 lockdown.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted during the period of August 10 to August 25, 2020, on an Internet platform after getting consent from the dentists and practitioners using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Chi‑square association was used. Parametric tests such as independent t‑tests and one‑way ANOVA were also used. In all instances, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

This study had a total response from 1044 dental students and dentists residing in hot spot zones in Tamil Nadu. Out of them, 68.4% were female and 31.6% were male. 37.9% of the participants were dental practitioners and 32.5% were undergraduate students. There is a significant association between age groups and PSS, work style, and PSS. There is no significant association between gender and PSS and degree and PSS.

This study shows that levels of distress were higher than expected during the COVID‑19 pandemic among the dentists and majority of the respondents have moderate‑to‑high‑stress levels. As the unlock has been started throughout the country, it is the right time to work with the authorities and focus on formulating protocols for disinfection and sterilization and work on treating the patients with exact safety measures for the welfare of the patients.

Delay in seeking medical help in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) challenges the patients in terms of diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of delay referral (≥12 h) in patients with AMI.

In this retrospective cohort study, the medical records of 252 patients with AMI (2017–2019) admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom, Iran, was reviewed. Data collection tool was a researcher‑made data sheet that included demographic characteristics, times, hospitalization costs, risk factors, history of heart disease, results of paraclinical tests, clinical information at the time of admission, and outcomes of delayed referral. Data were analyzed using t‑test, Chi‑square, Kaplan–Meier estimator, log‑rank test, Cox regression by STATA, and SPSS (version 25).

The levels of troponin, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase were significantly higher in the delayed referral group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the cardiac ejection fraction was significantly different in the nondelayed referral (41.56 ± 9.16) and the delayed referral group (38.39 ± 11.01) (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the percentage of hospital deaths in the groups (P = 0.078).

Delayed referral of patients with AMI is associated with decreased physiological cardiac function, which complicates recovery for these patients.

Fertility is highly valued in most cultures. In contrast, infertility as a crisis has the potential to threaten the stability of individuals, relationships, and communities. Many infertile people are at risk in the early stages of infertility treatment for health and mental health problems and severe stress. The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between the social health of infertile women and the stress of infertility treatment.

This study was performed descriptively longitudinal correlation on 2020 women in infertility canters in Isfahan. Data collection tool in this study was three parts questionnaire. The first contained demographic information, the second was stress, and the third was the social health dimension questionnaire. Analyze the data was performed using the descriptive statistical methods for the quantitative variables Pearson correlation coefficient. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

The results showed that the mean standard deviation (SD) of social health was 155.1 (16.46), and the mean (SD) score of treatment stress was 22.91 (7.93). Pearson correlation coefficient showed that treatment stress score was not significantly related to overall social health score and its dimensions (P > 0.05).

In this study, no statistically significant relationship was identified between these two variables. Probably, due to the living conditions of the people of our country in these years and the existence of stress and their great concern about economic issues, etc. The results were not observed contrary to the researcher’s expectations.

For a successful treatment process, the medical team members must be in good physical and mental condition. Pathologists are one of the main modern medicine members that should be consulted in all stages of the treatment procedure. Sixty‑six percent of clinical decisions are made based on in vitro diagnosis. Burnout is defined as chronic uncontrolled occupational stress. Burnout has a massive impact on patient safety, quality of treatment, and reduced patient satisfaction. Physician satisfaction with his job affects patient satisfaction and the quality of medical services provided. The most influential factors on quality of life were exercise and physical activity, having leisure time, and not smoking. In different aspects of lifestyle, physicians have scored lower on their physical activity index. One of the most critical pillars of human life is their religiosity. The presence of religious beliefs among physicians is strong. Workload and increased responsibilities are the most effective factors on pathologists’ stress. Pathology creates a bridge between basic sciences and clinical sciences. Therefore, promoting pathology education leads to training better physicians. The purpose of compiling this Narrative review is to clarify the issues raised in various aspects of pathologists’ lives and provide solutions to improve each of them. There are several solutions to the problems raised in this article: Increasing salaries, improving working conditions, creating a better view of pathologists by avoiding isolation and being more active and visible, and paying attention to medical education. We recommend that researchers review issues in other medical specialties to provide accurate and concise information to physicians and policymakers.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a considerably common childhood‑onset neurodevelopmental disorder, often associated with socio‑behavioral and academic difficulties. There is an increased risk for development of a range of future problems such as psychiatric disorders, difficulties in employment, and relationships. The aim of this study was to know the prevalence and determinants of ADHD among primary school children in district Dehradun and to assess the learning difficulties and classroom behavior in these students.

In this cross‑sectional study, overall, 228 students (aged 6–12 years) studying in a primary school were assessed for ADHD after seeking the written informed consent from their parents. The data were analyzed using Excel sheet and SPSS software (22.0 version). For all qualitative measures, frequency and percentages were calculated, and for quantitative measures, mean and standard deviation were calculated. For analysis of categorical values, Chi‑square test was used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The prevalence of ADHD was found to be 11.8% based on the teacher tool only and 1.75% based on the parent and teacher tools combined. ADHD was found to be significantly more in males. Inattention was the most prevalent subtype of ADHD, and children screened positive for ADHD had significant learning difficulties at various levels.

The possibility of ADHD in students with academic difficulties should not be ignored as children with ADHD usually face significant problems at school such as learning difficulties and have been shown to be at increased risk for a broad range of negative outcomes. Early identification and treatment of ADHD can significantly reduce the rates of some of these poor outcomes. Screening these children in the early years will help the parents, children, teachers, and community at large.

Teachers’ knowledge and awareness about the signs and symptoms, behavioral problems, and treatment are imperative to handling children with attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the school. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge about ADHD among primary schoolteachers in Sharjah, UAE.

In this cross‑sectional study, a convenient sampling method was used to collect data from 239 teachers working in private schools and 25 teachers working at the public schools in Sharjah. A self‑administered questionnaire was used to measure the sociodemographic characteristics and the Knowledge of Attention‑Deficit Disorders Scale was used to measure the knowledge about ADHD. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential methods.

Private schoolteachers have more knowledge about ADHD than public Schoolteachers (P = 0.016). Teachers obtain information about ADHD through educational workshops (32%), social media (23%), friends and relatives (12%), TV and radio (9%), scientific journals (8%), campaigns (7%), and other sources (9%) such as the Internet, lectures, personal experience, and reading. Most of the teachers (56.3%) have knowledge about the signs and symptoms of ADHD, whereas teachers’ knowledge about the associated features and treatment of ADHD is 34.4% and 34.1%, respectively.

Teachers’ level of knowledge about ADHD‑associated features and treatment was inadequate in Sharjah. Hence, enhancing knowledge about ADHD by providing various training workshops and conducting social events, and campaigns are warranted to enhance their knowledge on ADHD.

Since the beginning of the COVID‑19 outbreak, a significant number of mobile health apps have been created around the world and in Iran to help consequence reduction of this emerging pandemic.

This study aimed to review the characteristics of Persian Android and iOS apps related to COVID‑19 and determine their use‑cases based on a reference model.

This was a cross‑sectional descriptive study conducted in three main steps. First, a systematic search was conducted via Iranian mobile apps’ markets using the keywords related to COVID‑19 in January 2021. Then, the retrieved apps were analyzed according to their characteristics. Finally, the use‑cases of the given apps were determined and categorized based on a reference model.

Based on our inclusion criteria, 122 apps were selected and evaluated. Most of these apps (87.7%) was free. Small proportions (5%) of reviewed apps have been developed with participation of clinical expert and half of the apps mentioned the references they used. Furthermore, about half of the apps (50.8%) were provided contact information of the developers. The studied apps were classified into four use‑case major categories, including educational (98%), fulfilling a contextual need (18%), communicating, and/or sharing the information (0.83%), and health‑related management (2%).

The results showed that the Persian mobile apps for COVID‑19 are not in a satisfying situation. Furthermore, although these apps are significant in quantity but in terms of use‑cases, they are not widespread.

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) as entities out of the health sector can play various roles and functions at different levels of the health systems. The present study was conducted to investigate NGOs’ potential and actual functions in Iran’s health system.

This exploratory study was carried out in two parts from April 2020 to December 2020 in Tehran, Iran. For the first part, the statute of 65 NGOs was used for document review, and in the second part, the required data were collected using semi‑structured interviews with 26 key informants from the governmental sector and NGOs. Data were analyzed using the framework analysis method and MAXQDA software.

According to data analysis, the results of this study were classified into two sections of NGOs’ current functions and expected functions in Iran’s health system. The current functions of NGOs in Iran’s health system include service delivery, educational, research, and information activities, financing, supportive and facilitation activities, and advocacy. Other functions in which NGOs could play a role include health system management, education, and service providing and support activities.

In this study, the various roles of NGOs in Iran’s health system were explained. NGOs can act actively as the consulting and executive hand alongside the public sector in the lowest to the highest levels of Iran’s health system. Hence, health sector managers and policymakers must facilitate NGOs’ involvement in the health sector and use their capacities and capabilities to improve health and increase public access to health‑care services.

One of the most important steps in increasing the nurses’ professional competence and consequently improving the quality of nursing care is to evaluate nurses’ clinical competency and then take effective actions to enhance it. This study aimed at exploring the clinical competence of Iranian nurses and factors related to it.

In this systematic review and meta‑analysis, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scientific Information Database, and Iranmedex databases and Google Scholar search engine were searched to February 14, 2020.

After screening, a total of 25 articles were included. In general, the level of clinical competence of Iranian nurses was at a desirable level. After meta‑analysis of the mean score of nurses’ clinical competence, the combined mean was 161.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 137.78–184.48; P < 0.001; I 2 = 99.8%; P value for heterogeneity = P < 0.001) by the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses (CIRN) questionnaire. The summarized mean of clinical competency measured by the Nurse Competence Scale (NCS) questionnaire was 70.75 (95% CI: 60.80–80.70; P < 0.001; I 2 = 99.9%; P value for heterogeneity = P < 0.001). Factors affecting nurses’ clinical competence were age ≥33 years, nursing work experience ≥9 years, and a master’s degree in nursing. However, the clinical competence of nurses had a significant negative relationship with job stress.

The level of clinical competence of Iranian nurses was desirable. Studies that used the CIRN, reported the highest and lowest clinical competence in clinical care and professional development dimensions, respectively. Studies that used the NCS, reported the highest and lowest clinical competence in dimensions of work role and ensuring quality, respectively.

In curriculum reforms under Competency‑Based Medical Education (CBME) introduced by the National Medical Commission, medical students are recognized as one of the stake holders. The well‑designed multiple‑choice questions (MCQs) help students in assessment as well as promote deep learning. The objective of this study is to assess the perceptions of the Indian medical students towards the examination patterns in their undergraduate curriculum with particular reference to MCQs.

An observational cross‑sectional study was conducted among the medical colleges in India. A total of 7875 students took part in the study. The study instrument was a validated pretested self‑administered questionnaire. The study was conducted as an online survey using the Google Forms platform. Inclusion criteria were students from all professional years as well as interns and those who were willing to participate in the study.

For the question of initiation of MCQs as a tool for the assessment, many of the students (46%) expressed that it should start from the 1st MBBS itself. The majority of the students (85%) felt that MCQ oriented preparation will be helpful for MBBS professional (theory and practical) examinations. Most of the students (90.9%) preferred that the MCQs should be concept and case scenario based. To the question of whether the current system of the university theory examinations of essays and short notes be replaced in total with MCQs so that they are more prepared for NEXT and USMLE examination, 65.5% responded with an answer of yes.

The findings of this study provide input to the regulatory authorities and other stakeholders responsible for designing and implementing the medical curriculum.

The human coronavirus was first identified in 1965, belongs to the same family of Viruses as SARS, MERS‑Co. The current virus that affected worldwide came into existence in late 2019, recently found in Wuhan, China, and caused a global pandemic called coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19). This disease became a quick global pandemic due to the rapid transmission of the virus from one human to another. In the history of humankind, people were inside the four walls for more than a month. The COVID‑19 pandemic has posed significant problems in a variety of fields. The current pandemic created many changes that are seen as challenges worldwide. However, it created opportunities and benefits for many, extend a helping hand towards the people in need, in the society, community, and the nation. This paper focuses on challenges, opportunities, and benefits during the (COVID‑19) pandemic in India.

Online search engines like PubMed and Google Scholar were used to conduct the research. The review article’s dates were not restricted in any way. A total of 48 articles were chosen. The data was tabulated based on the kind of study and the outcomes. There are just a few papers available that demonstrate the necessity for more study.

COVID‑19 caused unforeseen changes in the health care industry, unequal distribution of health care, and consequences on mental health, according to the review studies. Teleconsultation, Internet use, and E‑learning have all become more accessible. A period of transitory economic collapse and an increase in the number of migrants left many despondent. Improvement in family bonding, use of a face mask, and hygiene measures to adapt to the current scenario. There was also an impact on water sources, waste management systems, and environmental resource conservation.

Difficult conditions can provide both problems and opportunities and advantages to the people during a pandemic outbreak.

Medical equipment plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and medical education, and each year the major share of hospital costs (about 5%–15% annually) is allocated to the purchase of medical equipment. The selection and allocation of medical equipment should be appropriate and in line with the actual needs of the medical centers, clinical goals, human resources, and the conditions required to ensure safety. The purpose of this study was to study and evaluate current systems of medical equipment management and identify their strengths and weaknesses in Isfahan educational hospitals in 2018.

This is a descriptive‑applied research that was done in a cross‑sectional way in 2018. The statistical population of the research is the authorities of medical equipment and other persons related to the management of medical equipment of selected educational hospitals in Isfahan. The data collection tool is a questionnaire.

The result of this study was gathered in four areas: medical equipment management, safety, preventive maintenance, and training.

According to this study, there is no comprehensive program in hospitals for how to manage medical equipment, which itself causes the loss of material and equipment capital of the organization. In most cases, the lack of a system for planning and controlling the amount of inventory and purchasing and maintaining medical equipment creates many problems, such as the accumulation and depreciation of equipment or the lack of these facilities in critical situations. In this study, it is suggested initially a scientific control system. Medical equipment is designed so that the hospital’s need for equipment at any time of year and the amount of its equipment are clear so that it can be easily decided in this field.

Coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) is a respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus which can spread from person to person. Health‑care workers of any medical college and hospital are at more risk to the coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) than the general population. The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological profile of confirmed COVID‑19 cases among health‑care workers of Municipal Corporation of Delhi.

A cross‑sectional study was planned among 422 health‑care workers of Municipal Corporation of Delhi. The questionnaire consisted of questions about sociodemographic data, personal history, and clinical profile such as signs and symptoms and their duration. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21.0, and, Chi‑square test and logistic regression were used.

Mean age of study subjects was 41.1 ± 9.8 years, and males (57.6%) were more as compared to (42.4%) females. Out of total participants, about one‑third (36.4%) of study participants were asymptomatic. Study participants with higher education status adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.43 (1.25–4.70), living in overcrowding AOR 3.74 (1.86–7.54), and having some comorbidity AOR 2.78 (1.57–4.92) were at higher risk of being symptomatic.

This study concludes that about one‑third of study participants were asymptomatic. Factors such as higher education status, living in overcrowding, presence of some comorbidity, and smokeless tobacco consumption were significantly associated with symptomatic COVID‑19 cases. Hence, there is a need to identify these risk factors at an early stage in order to design prevention strategies for better control of such pandemics in future.

Nurses are in close contact with COVID‑19 patients and due to the high risk of infection, they experience fear and anxiety that can result in burnout. This study aimed to review the studies on burnout among nurses during the COVID‑19 epidemic.

The study followed the guideline for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‑analysis (PRISMA). Using the keywords: “burnout,” “nurse,” and “COVID‑19” and with the help of Boolean operators, “AND” and “OR” the online databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct were searched. Articles published from the first of February 2020 to 30 October, 2020 were retrieved. After the quality appraisal, the required data were extracted and analyzed.

Out of 85 articles identified in the initial search, and after removing duplicates and those that did not have the required data, seven articles entered the analysis. Among these articles, four (57.14%) reported moderate burnout and three articles (42.86) reported high level of burnout among nurses during the COVID‑19 pandemic.

A majority of the studies reported that nurses experienced a moderate level of burnout during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Given the prevalence of burnout in nurses and because nurses are the largest portion of the healthcare providers who are in close contact with patients infected by COVID‑19, it is necessary for health care policymakers to adopt strategies for preventing or reducing burnout among nurses.

In the ongoing COVID‑19 pandemic, facemask use has been the most feasible public health measure in preventing transmission of SARS‑CoV2 with the dual benefit of controlling the source of infection and decreasing the risk of acquiring infection from infected people. Therefore, COVID‑appropriate behavior regarding facemask use is imperative for controlling the pandemic. This study aimed to assess COVID‑appropriate mask behavior and factors associated with it among the patients attending outpatient departments of a public health institute in West Bengal.

This cross‑sectional study was done among 298 patients attending outpatient departments of Rural and Urban Health Units of a public health institute of Kolkata, during October 2020–February 2021. A pretested questionnaire and an observational checklist based on the World Health Organization guidelines were used to collect data. COVID‑appropriate mask behavior was assessed by a five‑point domain‑wise scale, where good practice regarding facemask usage was considered when the score was three or more. Statistical analyses were done in SPSS 16.0.

Good practices regarding COVID‑19 appropriate mask‑related activities were recorded among 30.2% of the study participants. No difficulties faced during or on wearing a mask (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.86, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.1–3.33) and higher socioeconomic status (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.22–4.15) were significantly associated with good practice regarding COVID‑19 appropriate facemask usage.

The magnitude of poor practice regarding COVID‑appropriate mask‑related behaviors is quite high among the study participants. Awareness regarding correct mask handling, storage, hygiene, disposal, and place of wearing from a reliable source would go a long way to curb the myths and misinformation surrounding mask usage and encourage COVID‑appropriate mask behaviors among the general population.

Human anatomy instruction is mostly focused on cadaver dissection and prosected specimen examination. Exposure to cadaver dissection can be a stressful experience that may cause a wide variety of symptoms among students of health sciences. To compare and evaluate the effect of in‑vitro and in‑vivo exposure on cadaveric anxiety, disgust propensity and sensitivity, and attitude toward death and dying among 1st‑year medical and nursing students.

An open‑label randomized trial (matched‑control experimental design) was conducted among 127 1st‑year Medical and Nursing students from a selected Institute of National Importance, Bhopal, India during 2015. The participants were divided into an experimental and control group based on matched trait anxiety scores using the Trait Anxiety Inventory. Followed by preassessment, video demonstration with cadaver dissection (in vitro exposure) was then administered to the experimental group, while the control group had direct exposure to cadaver dissection (in vivo exposure).

The study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in state anxiety related to cadaver dissection in the experimental group (P = 0.01). However, video‑demonstration of cadaver dissection did not have any effect on disgust propensity and sensitivity and attitude toward death and dying.

The findings provided evidence that video‑demonstration of cadaver dissection reduced anxiety, although it did not have any effect on disgust and attitudes of death. The dissection hall experience may evoke feelings of anxiety and disgust that need to be addressed through advanced preparedness and coping strategies, especially among medical and nursing students.

Behavioral addiction to smartphones is a common phenomenon in the present digital age, wherein indulgence in these devices is compulsive and impacts physical, social, and psychological health of the population. The smartphones effect on a dental student’s life is detrimental to their academics, health, and efficiency in providing clinical patient care. To assess use and addiction of smartphones among dental students under six major domains and to compare this based on their gender, ethnicity, and year of study.

A cross‑sectional study using a validated questionnaire, Smartphone addiction scale was conducted among 349 undergraduate students (N = 349) at a private dental school in Malaysia.

Overall results are presented as mean scores under six domains with total score as 142.40 (33.65). The total scores compared between two genders did not show statistical difference, however on comparing individual domains, females (25.25) had higher mean score for daily life disturbance (P = 0.013) and males (30.17) for cyberspace‑oriented relationship (P = 0.001). Chinese students had higher scores with respect to withdrawal (32.45) and cyberspace‑oriented relationship (29.48) as compared to other ethnicities. Year 4 students show higher scores than other years in daily life disturbance (27.44), tolerance (16.81), and overuse (16.51).

Our research presents the extent and pattern of smartphone of usage and addiction among the undergraduate students at a dental school in Malaysia. The indicators of addiction highlighted in the study are pivotal in spreading awareness regarding this overuse and addiction as well as planning further research in this area.

Perceived stress is one of the causes of preeclampsia; one of the ways to manage mental stress is hypnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hypnosis on perceived stress in women with preeclampsia.

This randomized clinical trial was performed on 80 (40 people in each group) pregnant women 28–32 weeks with preeclampsia and hospitalized in two public hospitals in Mashhad in 2020. The Cohen Perceived Stress Questionnaire was first completed in two groups. Then, in the intervention group, three half‑hour sessions of hypnosis were performed with an interval of 3 days (hypnosis consists of three sessions: each session is held for three consecutive nights). After each session, the intervention package, which included recording the dialogs of each session for posthypnotic suggestion, was delivered to the mothers on a CD to listen to every night before bed. The control group received routine care. Then, 2 weeks after the intervention, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire was completed by both groups. The results were analyzed by independent t‑test, paired t‑test, Mann–Whitney, Chi‑square, Friedman and covariance tests, and by SPSS 16.

At the beginning of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between demographic characteristics and the perceived stress score before the intervention between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, after the intervention, the mean perceived stress score was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups (P = 0.005). Perceived stress after the intervention was significantly reduced in the intervention group, which was significant between the two groups.

Perceived stress in mothers with preeclampsia is reduced by hypnosis.