نشریه مطالعات زبان و گویش های غرب ایران
سال دهم شماره 37 (تابستان 1401)

Lack of specialized studies in the field of feeling of surprise compared to other feelings directed the present study to examine the schema and concept of feeling of surprise in Persian from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. Objectives include drawing a surprise scheme for the Persian language and examining the productivity of source domains for this feeling. The emotion schema shows the specific structure of the feeling of surprise in Persian and the way it is displayed. In order to draw the schema, a lexical approach is used and the keywords of the feeling of surprise and the interpretations that existed in the metaphorical culture of Abolhassan Najafi, were examined. Then, based on Kovecses’ hypothesis, the metaphorical source domains and their frequencies were determined based on corpus approach. The results showed that in the schema of feeling surprise, due to lack of control and activity, the feeling of surprise is somewhat different from other feelings. The body domain has many uses for showing the feeling of surprise, and also the tendency for immobility and stillness is evident in most cases of surprise.

A significant percentage of the Iranians are bilinguals who learn minority languages in the family and the Persian language in schools. The permanent contact of non-Persian speakers with Persian and learning it as a second language has provided the ground for the attrition of their first language. This process can lead to the replacement and death of minority languages in the long term. The present study investigated the lexical attrition of the first language among Kurdish-Persian bilinguals in Eslamabad-e Gharb. This study was done with the participation of 120 bilingual men and women between the two age groups of 18 to 30 and 65 years and older. The results of the study showed that male speakers are more capable of preserving the vocabulary of the first language and their lexical ability is less attrited than females. Also, older age group has a greater ability to retain first language vocabulary and their lexical ability is less attrited than youngers (18-30). Considering the linguistic tendencies and choices of women and youths and their inclination towards the standard and official languages, the higher percentage of lexical attrition among women and youngers indicates the trend of first language attrition among Kurdish-Persian bilinguals.

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the phonotactic structure of the Turkish phonological system on the basis of an extensive Turkish linguistic corpus. In a descriptive study, the distribution of Turkish consonants in onset and coda positions as well as consonantal sequences across syllable boundary (in c.c) and coda clusters (in cvcc syllable were examined. Results showed that stops and affricates in syllable onset position are most frequent, which is in line with the hierarchy of sonority scale assumed by the constraint *ONSET/X (Selkirk, 1984). Furthermore, the study of sound sequences in various syllable structures revealed that sonorants are more frequent than stops in coda position (in cvc), and also closer to syllable head than stops in coda clusters (in cvcc). This finding contradicts the predictions assumed by the constraint *CODA/X. Further results indicated that the distribution of Turkish consonants in coda clusters (in cvcc) are in conformity with the Sonority Sequencing Principle with the least marked phonotactic structure. However, the distribution of consonants across syllable boundary (in c.c) involves various consonantal sequences including those which belong to the same or similar natural class of consonants.

Fortition as one of the common phonological processes is the opposite of lenition. It occurs mostly in the initial position of the syllables and words. The present research has studied the fortition processes and evolutions from the Middle Persian to the Modern Persian based on positional strength approach, sonority sequencing principle (SSP), and syllable contact law (SCL). To do this, 120 middle Persian words were selected from different Pahlavi dictionaries and were analyzed. The research findings are as follows: 1. Middle Persian words in their evolution to Modern Persian have undergone occlusivization, glide fricativization, buccalization, devoicing, and insertion on their initial positions; 2. The process of glide fricativization in the initial position of syllables has occurred based on sonority sequencing principle and syllable contact law, and it has also occurred to keep syntagmatic and pragmatic oppositions. 3. The strong position of words and syllables in their evolutions from the Middle Persian to the Modern Persian is disjunctive. 4. The fortition trajectory from the Middle Persian to the Modern Persian has two dimensions namely desonorization and the change in laryngeal position and the place of articulation.

The present study investigates analysis of ideological structures in Persian Language Newspapers in Kurdistan province. The data of this research is collected from these newspaper '250 texts about Iran's Parliament and approval of Free Trade Zones at the specified interval (November 2015 to May 2016). The research methodology is descriptive–analytic and it attempts to analyze the mentioned newspapers by using CDA based on Fairclough's approach and Van Leeuwen's model. The findings show that by examining the texts of newspapers (Sirvan, Soran, Rojan, Diarkohan and Dahngi Kurdistan), ideological structures are more explicit in Soran newspaper. They have the least amount of implicitness and mystification rate which is absolutely in favor of the main current dominant over the political geography of Kurdistan province. Sirvan is also perfectly in favor of the dominant events in the country and contains the most mystification. Dangi Kurdistan and Dyar Kohan have shown critical approaches toward some dominant currents and factions over Iran’s 10th parliament. Rojan focusing on approval of Free Trade Zones in Bane–Marivan, showed a different attitude toward the parliament's policies.

Kurmanji is one of the three main varieties of Kurdish language, scattered across some areas of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and both the West and Northeast parts of Iran. The current study adopted the taxonomy organization approach in analyzing the lexicon related to conceptualization of domestic animals in Kurmanji according to Ecolinguistic frame. The data collection method follows the Guide to collecting dialects for the treasury of Iranian dialects. It operates through three stages: literature study, individual interview, and focus group interview. Data was analyzed based on lexican process suggested by Malt, Sloman, & Gennari and, the analyzing frame of folk biological classification and nomenclature, presented by Berlin, Breedlove, & Raven. Participants were selected based on convenience sampling, and the interview process continued till the saturation point was reached. Participants were native speakers aged 45-75 years old. Results revealed that “Same porotypes, different boundaries”, and “Nesting” imply a significant role in Kurmanji nomenclature of domestic animals and led to a recognizable classification of the lexicon based on factors like gender, age, color, verbs, treatment, and occupation. The Kurmanji culture seems to be enriched by the Folkbiological knowledge of speakers and their direct experiences. Also, cultural factors such as the experience of direct exposure and extensive ecological knowledge regarding domestic animals have led to the lexicalization of various concepts to illustrate the magnitude value of animals in Kurmanj’s culture and lifestyle.