پژوهش نامه کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، بهار و تابستان 1401)

The concept of scientific progress has different definition in the philosophy of science. The purpose of this paper is to understand scientific progress and evaluate and analyze the concept from different viewpoints.

This study in term of nature is theoretical-philosophical, and in term of method is deductive and analyzes various texts, theories and perspectives on the scientific progress.

There are three approaches to characterizing scientific progress: (i) the epistemic approach, (ii) the semantic approach, and (iii) the functional-internalist approach. Each of these approaches provides different narrations of the scientific progress. The epistemic or traditional approach is the cumulative knowledge account and takes knowledge to be the concept in order to understand the progress. The semantic approach considers science's success as the result of approximate truth, authentication, the reference of original notions or a combination of these, and emphasizes the idea of ​​convergence, accumulation and adaptation in science. The functional approach is problem-oriented, and considers progress in science as a result of scientific revolutions. The latest approach holds that progress is made when a scientific revolution or development succeeds in fulfilling a certain function. The proponents of this approach or the post-realists are relativists. These relativists are accused that their claims lead to relativism and weakening the credibility and power of the scientific method. Moreover, there is no scientific accumulation due to the overthrowing nature of the revolution, Conversely, realists who do not believe revolutionary changes in scientific theories have typically sought an account of progress in term of increasing verisimilitude rather than increasing knowledge.

Despite the difference in theories, all three approaches consider the scientific progress as a cognitive concept, not as textual or scientific information.

Organizational scientific communication as the foundation of modern organizations has a great impact on the development of organizations and has been considered by researchers in the knowledge management cycle. Considering the role of communication and communication system as the most important assumption of cybernetics, this article with a cybernetic approach considers the evolution of knowledge in cybernetics according to the role of observer and considering the theory of autopoiesis by Maturana and Varla and Luhmann's scientific communication and examines the importance of this approach in sharing organizational knowledge by presenting the four philosophical foundations of cybernetics.

This article is a review that has been prepared by using the library method and reviewing theoretical sources and searching in the valid databases of Google Scholar, Magiran and Irandoc.

The findings indicate that all four cybernetic approaches are important in knowledge sharing and the peak of this importance can be seen in Luhmann's theory of scientific communication and the different role of the observer in each level of cybernetics is clear in the knowledge sharing, according to the autopoiesis theory.

Knowledge management is the basis of organizational knowledge due to its interdisciplinary nature; so it is necessary to consider knowledge sharing studies from the perspective of autopoiesis theory and Luhmann's scientific relationship in the cybernetics. The sharing of observer knowledge in social systems is one of the areas in which the fourth-order cybernetics is well crystallized and is a very good support for the scientific development of societies, which ultimately leads to their development.

The purpose of this study was to explore the barriers to and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the services of central libraries of the first grade Iranian universities.

The research method was qualitative and data collection was done through telephone and online interviews with central library managers or assistants of 13 first grade university libraries. The interview recordings were transcribed with CallX software. The content of the interviews was analyzed and coded using MaxQDA software and led to the extraction of 120 initial codes that discussed the effects and barriers of Covid-19.

Almost all central libraries of the studied universities limited their in-person services during the Covid-19 pandemic and tried to increase digital and remote services. The main problem in the online services of the central libraries was low internet speed and bandwidth that made it difficult to provide online services in libraries. Other important barriers included the issue of intellectual property of Persian resources and the lack of a clear framework for exploiting the digital format of these resources at the national level as well as budget problems and lack of specific protocols for sending physical resources via mail, etc.

Converting Covid-19 as an opportunity, institutionalizing teleworking for organizations, facilitating the bureaucratic process of essential library purchases, and accepting the change are among the cases affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Ghostwriting, which is the creation of a work for and under another name, is often accompanied by the gift authorship or guest authorship. Although this phenomenon is not born of modern times and ghostwriting services have been used in various fields such as politics, law, etc. for many years, academic ghostwriting is due to the emergence and expansion of the use of new technologies has taken on new dimensions. The emergence of various institutions that provide a variety of services in the field of writing articles, dissertations and thesis has caused negative consequences such as damage to institutional reputation, violation of originality and scientific integrity. Therefore, the country's criminal policymaker has reacted to this phenomenon in support of science and the originality of scientific products. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide knowledge and awareness about ghostwriting and its various dimensions, as well as familiarity with the legislator's approach to dealing with this phenomenon in order to take measures to prevent it.

The method used in this research is descriptive and analytical and the method of collecting data is literature review.

Ghostwriting and scientific rent (using a third party to prepare research work) is a violation of ethical and legal norms. Ghostwriting has been criminalized under the Law on Prevention and Combating Fraud in the Preparation of Scientific Works. The legislature has dealt with ghostwriting in two ways: predicting sanctions and preventing strategies. According to this law, providing ghostwriting services is a crime and subject to criminal punishment and using a work produced by a ghostwriter as their own work in universities is a violation and subject to administrative and disciplinary sanctions.

In order to effectively deal with this phenomenon in the scientific community, we need to adopt clearer and more comprehensive policies and ethical and legal codes.

An open data-based business needs business models and a shared environment called an ecosystem. This research aims to provide a framework for managing a business-oriented open data ecosystem.

The research used a qualitative grounded theory method. Data were gathered using deep semi-structured interviews. The research population consisted of 15 experts of macro-data, open innovations, and data management domains. Hence, purposive sampling was used to select the interviewees. Data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding stages.

The findings of the proposed model include the sections of causal conditions, strategies, intervening conditions, infrastructure conditions, and their outcomes. Causal conditions are embedded in factors such as Data-oriented approach, Program-oriented approach, Use- and User-oriented approach, Network and ecosystem approach, and open innovations approach. Intervening conditions are value-based mechanisms based on open data and customers. The Contextual conditions include several categories such as business contextualization, legal requirement, institutional requirement, technical requirement, operational-process requirement, and cultural-social requirement. Strategies such as business, relationship profit, and innovation process management must be employed to manage the open data ecosystem. The outcomes of open data ecosystem management will include value proposition, cost structure and revenue stream, skill capability, organizational capability, and information technology capability.

The framework proposed in this study helps data-based businesses to identify key components of open data ecosystem management and focuses on the capacity of open data ecosystem value creation to develop innovative information flows.

Considering the role of public libraries in entrepreneurship development, the present study intends to analyze the studies conducted in this field and by comparing Iranian and international researches in this field, to provide a basis for identifying gaps in domestic research.

The steps of the present study were performed using the meta-synthesis method. For this purpose, related researches were searched in international databases in English and domestic databases in Persian without considering the time limit. The CASP checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the selected works. Finally, 101 dissertations and articles (71 works in English and 30 works in Persian) were reviewed.

At the international level, the thematic orientation of research has been towards the field of "entrepreneurial information services" and in Iran towards the axis of "organizational entrepreneurship, organizational culture, creativity and organizational innovation". The dominant approach in international research is qualitative and most of the document-library method and previous documents have been used to analyze these studies. In contrast, the emphasis of internal studies is on the use of quantitative approach and survey method and the use of questionnaire tools is the basis of their analysis. Most major national and international research is in the form of an article published in a journal and written by an author.

The results of this study can provide the basis for helping to develop research in this field and solve the problems of public libraries in order to provide innovative and entrepreneurial services and thus solve the problem of unemployment and consequently the economic development of society.

Critical literacy of students with the production and modernization of knowledge and validity of knowledge claims to accurately evaluate texts (print-digital) in the age of information and communication technology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the components of students' critical literacy in higher education.

The design of this research is a qualitative synthesis research of the type of Translation meta-synthesis.The statistical population of the study includes qualitative and mixed method scientific research articles published in prestigious journals in the field of critical literacy between 2010 to 2021 and 1389 to 1399.This research has been done using the six-step method of Sandlowski and Barroso.In the first step, after selecting the meta-synthesis team, the research question was set to discover the components of students' critical literacy in higher education and the criteria for including articles were identified. In the second step, a systematic search of resources in Latin databases was performed. In the third step, the quality of the articles was evaluated and finally, according to the exclusion criteria, 51 original articles were selected. In the fourth step, the basic themes were extracted by the technique of Classification the findings and the technique of Meta-summery. Validation of findings was also done with validation and transferability techniques.

By performing the fifth step of the six-step process of Sandlowski and Barroso, i.e. combining and presenting the findings, 37 basic themes were extracted, in 13 themes of the first level organizer and 4 organizers of the second level (knowledge, skill, attitude and social) as components of students' critical literacy were categorized.Finally, all the mentioned topics were presented in the form of the comprehensive theme of students' critical literacy. In the sixth step, the findings were validated.

After conducting the meta-synthesisresearch steps, the four components were described and finally the critical literacy framework was introduced as a social competence of students that can be the headline of curriculum policy makers at the university level during curriculum design.

In this study, facilitating factors in the implementation of knowledge management with respect to the mediating variable role of organizational structure in public libraries in Kermanshah province were studied and based on that, the estimated structural model was presented.

The research method was a correlational design with path analysis method and structural equation model. The statistical community of this research was composed of librarians of public libraries. Krejcie and Morgan formulas with an error level of 0.05 were used to estimate the sample size. The sample size was estimated at 109 people. 92 people (84.5) answered the questionnaire. In this study, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The opinions of knowledge management experts were used to evaluate the content validity. Cronbach's alpha, combined reliability and mean variance were used to evaluate the reliability of items and structures. SPSS software version 26 was used to describe the data and path-structural modeling based on the partial least squares approach (Smart PLS 3.3) was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the views of male and female librarians on the factors facilitating the implementation of knowledge management. The results of the partial least squares test confirmed the research hypotheses based on which the measurement and the structural models were statistically appropriate. The results showed that knowledge management strategy, organizational culture, information technology and human resources had a positive and significant effect on the implementation of knowledge management. Knowledge management strategy had the highest (0.310) and information technology (0.261) had the lowest impact factor on knowledge management implementation. The results also showed that organizational structure did not play a role in modulating the relationships between facilitators and implementing knowledge management.

The results obtained from data analysis confirmed the effects of facilitating factors on the implementation of publishing management. Therefore, it can be designed and implemented to facilitate the implementation of knowledge management.

Scientific publications are among the most important indicators for evaluating the development of scientific fields in different countries. Assessment of scientific output is necessary. The purpose of this study is to identify the status of Iranian scientific publications produced in the field of digital library.

This research is applied and an analytic survey. The research method was bibliometrics. Statistical population of the research included articles and abstracts of theses that have been published in the field of digital libraries during the years 2007- 2018. Data gathering instrument was a check list. Descriptive statistics and Excel software have been used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that most of the scientific producers belonged to digital library field, from the educational degree viewpoints, MA degree and in affiliation, Islamic Azad University of Hamadan and the gender was man. In scientific cooperation, most of the articles were written in groups. The most active authors were Yaghoob Nourouzi, Mehdi Alipour Hafezi and Ramatallh Fattahi. Highly-considered research kind was analytic–descriptive survey and the most-used keyword was digital library. The most active thesis supervisors of this field were Mehdi Alipour Hafezi (13), Yaghoob Nouruzi (9) and Esmat Moneni (4).

By analyzing research in the field of digital libraries, it can be concluded that surveys were dominant and good theoretical and practical research has been presented. But in some areas such as knowledge organization, processing systems, conceptual patterns, knowledge representation, interoperability and web content have been less or seldom surveyed; therefore, it is necessary that the researchers and the experts of digital library field should have more efforts to produce the related resources.

Literacy is not the only process of learning, reading, writing and arithmetic skills; it is to help man and his full growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activities of low-literates' book-reading circles in Khuzestan province based on the SIPP evaluation model.

The present study was conducted by survey method. The statistical population included managers and experts, educational assistants and the low-literates who participated in the design of reading circles. The sample size was 300 people who were selected in two ways: purposive and stratified random. In order to collect data, two researcher-made questionnaires were used. Data analysis was performed with SPSS22 statistical software and descriptive and inferential statistics were used.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the groups' attitudes about the quality of the total activity index of reading circles (p <.05, F = 3.226). Tukey test showed that managers and experts (1.98) significantly evaluated the quality of the index of total educational activities of reading circles lower than literate students (2.32) did.

Criteria of needs and goals, human resources, educational methods, educational content and educational participation were at the desired level. The criteria for preparing the cultural and motivational fields of the program, scientific and information resources, financial and physical resources, educational policies and regulations of the program were evaluated at the intermediate to high level and the criteria for the preparation of the executive fields were evaluated at the intermediate to low level.