فصلنامه روابط خارجی
پیاپی 53 (بهار 1401)

Today, the US-China trade war is one of the major challenges in international relations. Academic circles have analyzed this war from different perspective. This article also seeks to answer this question that what kind of fundamental economic response from China will the US trade war against China eventually lead to? The hypothesis of the article, which is examined in a descriptive-analytical way, is that China's involvement in the US trade war will be a function of China's perception of US goals. If the US trade war against China in Beijing is seen as the result of an inherent rivalry between the United States and China for hegemony, China may move toward economic decoupling from the United States. Inherent rivalry refers to the competition that occurs due to the nature of power between two great powers to gain a hegemonic position. But if in Beijing the US trade war against China is seen as the result of an institutional conflict in the political and economic system of China and the United States, China's response is likely to be in the form of economic reforms and a move toward "greater economic ties" with the United States. The article's findings show that China is regarding both considerations as part of a larger strategy, and from this perspective it doesn't matter to Beijing whether Biden is in power or Trump.

In the Brexit referendum, which took place on 23 June 2016, British people voted for their country’s exit, i.e., Brexit, from the European Union (EU). An observation of the developments impacted by Brexit seems to be significant for getting insight into the upcoming political, security, and military perspectives for the region of the Western Asia. Impacts and consequences of Brexit on political equations of Western Asia are the subject around which the present article revolves. The key questions of this article are that “What developments has the Brexit given rise to in Britain’s foreign policy?” and “What will be the conspicuous probable impact of Brexit on Britain’s foreign policy in the Western Asia?”Aligned with the central idea known as ‘Global Britain’ which has its roots in exceptionalism, post-Brexit foreign policy will increase the level of military and commercial transactions as well as political cooperation with Arab states of the Persian Gulf, augmenting Britain’s strategic penetration of the region in the close future. In the midterm and long-term, however, there are obstacles for this country in the region of the Western Asia. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the foreign policy analysis presented by Harold and Margaret Sprout and the conceptual framework we emphasize is exceptionalism. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical.

In the history of Iran’s foreign relations, the Qajar era is often characterized as the period of dependence on and concessions to foreign powers. Yet even in this era, there have been short periods of struggles for gaining more independence and enforcing national sovereignty among which the short chancellorship of Mirza Taqi Khan Amirkabir is the most salient one as he attempted to pave the way for more independence of the country in various aspects. This article seeks to explain this foreign policy shift. It suggests that his belief system could have played a role. The main question addressed is about the way in which Amirkabir’s beliefs led to an independence-seeking foreign policy. The hypothesis examined, based on operational code analysis, is that this foreign policy is rooted in his philosophical and instrumental beliefs. Applying qualitative content analysis to Amirkabir’s shows how a specific combination of a set of beliefs can explain Iran’s foreign policy in this period.

While at the beginning of the century, the European Union was considered as one of the most important patterns of regional convergence, faced with several crises over the past decade. These crises have caused doubt on the future of the European Union. This article seeks to answer the question, what are the scenarios for the EU in the 2050 perspective? 4 scenarios have been posed in response to the question. The Ideal World is probable scenario. In this scenario, the volume of the union's investment in different parts of the world, the development of key technologies, the increase of economic relations with other actors of the international system, the organization's influence in the regions with the most gas resources, gold, etc., including Africa and Eurasia are considered as drivers Which will turn the union into a major economic-political power in 2050. The theoretical framework of the article is Institutionalism. Futures research methods are scenario writing (GBN) and Mactor. In addition, expert panels and Brainstorming sessions are used to collect data. About the structure of the article, it should be noted that, at first theoretical framework (Institutionalism) is addressed and then the most important actors are identified based on the Mactor and in the third step, the scenarios are extracted based on the GBN method.

In this study, we evaluated the performance of joint ventures in the international arena with a market orientation approach. The present research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of method and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population of the study was the experts and senior managers of Iran Khodro and Saipa car companies who had a history of more than 5 years of activity in international joint ventures. Data were collected using a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11 and network analysis process ANP and fuzzy TOPSIS. Calculation of relative weight of customer-centric indicators showed; The components of success rate in setting goals to achieve customer satisfaction, success rate in customer commitment and success rate in creating value for the customer were the most important and effective, respectively. Calculation of relative weight of axial competing indices showed; The components of performance in competitors' information sharing in the market, quality of after-sales service, top managers' attention to competitors' strategies were the most important and effective, respectively, and the calculation of the relative weight of inter-task coordination indicators showed; The components of the degree of relevance of all tasks to customer values, the degree of performance of task integration in the company's strategies and strategies, the degree of success in strengthening the culture of supporting market orientation were the most important and effective, respectively.

Caspian Sea is in a trends of evolution which, change its position from a land locked sea to one of the most important Geo Economical points in the worlds. Facts on the Ground Show us, that, China’s unfold demands to energy and its policy to diversify the Suppliers in addition to the One Road, One Belt grand project, made the Caspian Sea an in substitutable geo economical place for china’s Global plans. Russia’s traditional hegemony in the Caspian Sea region and its monopoly on the Gas supply to EU had facing so many threat, if Russia don’t work well in this region. So, Caspian Sea gain weight in the Russia’s eyes. U.S foreign policy in this region, which contain three major worlds controversial power for American national interests, Iran, Russia and china, is based on the containment and engagement simultaneously. Iran as regional power also has its trends of influences in this region. All of these trends are following the geo economical rules. In fact, economy is shaping the competitions and cooperation in the Caspian region, which made this region a Greater region with the expanded effects on the worlds politics and economics.

One of the important requirements for promoting Iran's position in the global distribution of power is to have advanced knowledge and the first scientific and technological position in the region, which is reflected in the 1404 vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran. E-government in its various indicators is also one of the important indicators for gaining the first place in science and technology in the region. In this context, one of the important trends and emerging technological tools in recent years is the growth of the Internet of Things as a global network of machines and devices that benefit from the ability to interact with each other through specific functions and protocols. This article addresses the fundamental question of whether the Internet of Things is effective in achieving e-government and the position of regional power in Iran. The statistical population of this research includes 30 faculty members familiar with the subject of the research, whose opinion about the IoT reference model was taken by a questionnaire and 25 data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. The results showed that the reference model is effective in increasing the governance of the Internet of Things in e-government (p <0.05). Also, the value of chi-square for the interaction of the reference model is equal to 32.67 and the value of chi-square in the table at the level of 95% with 4 degrees of freedom is equal to 11.67, so the effectiveness of the reference model is acceptable to professors.

Along with the classical diplomacy, which relies on traditional sources of power, such as economic, political and military power, today a new source of power has been taken into consideration which is affected from civilizational identity. In other words, culture, identity and civilization subscriptions provides a ground for integration of countries and supplying national interests in foreign policy arena. In fact, deep cultural and civilizational connections could pave route for regional integration and consequently help the countries of a civilizational scope to achieve their common goals. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer this main question how the historical-cultural elements can help toward the integration between Iran and the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus? In this article, the hypothesis that was examined in response to the above question is that the promotion of "civilizational foreign policy" based on the concept of "cultural Iran" can play a decisive role in the integration of these countries. This Research utilizes the descriptive-analytical method and data was collected through library and internet sources.