Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume:10 Issue: 3, Summer 2022

Small industries have a large share of the country's industries, on the other hand, the risk of a work accident in such industries is higher and have poorer safety and health performance compared to larger industries, which are generally due to financial constraints, poor attitude of managers.At the same time, employees in small industries are deprived of occupational health counseling services full-time or part-time due to the small number of workers It is suggested to adopt supportive policies in the form of packages for providing occupational health counseling services as well as health improvement programs in small industries, which are successful programs in small industries in other countries with the aim of maintaining and promoting the health of workers working in this environment. In addition to the required support policies, employers and industry managers should also be aware of the importance and necessity of implementing safety and health requirements in these industries.

  One of the cancers that threatens womenchr('39')s health is cervical cancer, so the aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of behavioral intention of Pap smear testing based on the theory of protective motivation in women.

This is an analytical cross-sectional study. Participants in this study were 300 women referring to public clinics in one of the selected hospitals in Tehran. In this study, a reliable and valid questionnaire based on protection motivation theory was used to collect information. Data were analyzed using Spss software version 19 as well as correlation test and stepwise regression. The P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Out findings revealed that the correlation coefficients of perceived sensitivity (r = 0.47), perceived intensity (r = 0.53), fear (r = 0.46), response costs (r = 0.54), response efficiency (r = 0.2), self-efficacy (r = 0.53), and behavioral intent were significant at a confidence level of 0.99 and in a positive directionThe ability of behavioral intention prediction for response costs (26.2%), self-efficacy (11.6%), fear (1.8%) and perceived sensitivity (3.2%) was recorded, these variables are able to predict about 42.8% of changes in behavioral intention for Pap smear testing.

The behavioral intent of having a Pap smear testing can be predicted based on the theory of protective motivation in women. Therefore, designing educational programs within the framework of this theory is recommended to improve Pap smear testing.

There are still limited data regarding health-promoting behaviours of healthcare workers in different work settings. This study aimed to investigate and compare health-promoting behaviours including levels of physical activity and health-related quality of life among nurses and physiotherapists across different work settings in Croatia.

A cross-sectional survey among a convenience sample of 253 physiotherapists and nurses was performed and included demographic and work characteristics, Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II), International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Long Form (IPAQ-L), and EQ- 5D-5L questionnaire. Participants were compared by gender, profession and work setting.

The only differences in the HPLP-II scores were found for the sub- scale health responsibility where female participants and those working in community care scored higher (p<0.001; p=0.038). Ratings of the overall health status were higher for male respondents (p=0.030). Male respondents accumulated higher levels of physical activity in the work and leisure domain as well as vigorous-intensity physical activity (p=0.034; p=0.001; p=0.004). Nurses accumulated higher levels of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (p=0.021; p=0.034). There was a positive relationship between rating of the overall health status and levels of physical activity in the domain of leisure (p=0.047).

Nurses and physiotherapists reported high levels of physical activity, but relatively low levels of leisure-time physical activity. There is a positive relationship between leisure-time physical activity, health-related quality of life and health-promoting behaviours.

This study was performed aiming to determine the extent of PTSD and its related factors among Iranian HSWs.

The present study was conducted cross-sectional and online, from 5 May to 23 August 2020, on 418 Iranian HSWs, including (physician, nurse & laboratory technician, health worker, administrative staff, radiologist). Data were handed over and collected electronically through the Porsline site using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) standard questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS16 software.

Most participants in the study (40.4%) were in the age group of 30 to 39 years. Out of 286 individuals who had reported PTSD symptoms, the majority were women (73.1%) and married (71.3%). Among the HSWs with PTSD, 16% had mild, 14.8% had moderate, and 37.6% had severe symptoms, and 31.6% were asymptomatic. PTSD had a statistically significant relationship to gender, type of employment, smoking, a history of specific diseases, the probability of exposure to COVID-19, and a history of communication with a COVID-19 patient (P<0.05).

Based on the results of the study, most HSWs (two thirds) had PTSD, which due to the occupational importance of this group and to increase the physical and mental health of these HSWs, it is recommended that post-crisis effective and efficient interventions be provided to identify and treat individuals with PTSD and to empower HSWs through effective and stable training programs, as well as psychological counseling at the individual and group levels.

The aim of our study was to find the association between general and central obesity with peers influence, home food environment and out of home food environment in Iran.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 15- to 18-year-old students in Yasuj, Iran selected using stratified random sampling method. Demographic questionnaire was used and a 37-item questionnaire was used to assess the information about the peers influence, home food environment and out of home food environment. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured for all participants. Body mass index (BMI) and waist to height ratio (WHR) were calculated.

Information of 241 participants including 120 girls and 121 boys were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 16.43± 0.88. None of the variables of peers influence, home food environment and out of home food environment showed a significant association with anthropometric indices.

In our study, none of the peers influence, home food environment and out of home food environment, could justify the participants' obesity. It seems that studies with larger sample sizes and more demographic diversity are needed

Thyroidectomy is one of the most frequent neck and endocrine procedures today. However, the mortality and morbidity rates are reduced due to technical advancements in thyroid surgeries. Certain long-term consequences that arise after thyroidectomy continue to be a health societal concern.

This study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge about thyroidectomy and determine the relationship between nurses' knowledge about thyroidectomy and their demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, level of education, and years of experience). To assess the nurses' attitudes about thyroidectomy and find the relationship between their attitudes and their demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, level of education, and years of experience).

A descriptive study on nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward thyroidectomy in (Al-Sader Teaching Hospital, Al-Faiha Teaching Hospital, Al-Basrah Teaching Hospital, Abi Al-Khasib General Hospital, Umm Qasr General Hospital,  Al-Zubair General Hospital, Al-Shifaa Hospital, and Al-Mawani Teaching Hospital) in Al-Basrah Governorate. The study period was extended from the 15th of November 2021 to the 1st of May 2022. The data collection period was extended from the 27th of December 2021 to the 27th of February 2022. A non-probability purposive sample consists of (200) nurses who work in the surgical wards and operating rooms. To determine the content validity of the study, (15) experts were selected to review the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire is determined using the Cronbach's Alpha test.

This study showed that (66.5%) of studied nurses had poor knowledge about thyroidectomy, (14.5%) of nurses had moderate knowledge, and (19%) of nurses had good knowledge. Also, this study showed the majority of the nurses (70.5%) have poor attitudes about thyroidectomy (16.5%) of them have moderate attitudes, and  (13%) of them have good attitudes.

The present study concluded that the nurses have moderate knowledge about thyroidectomy and have poor attitudes toward thyroidectomy.

Although physical activity has many health benefits during pregnancy, few women engage in regular physical activity. The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of a physical activity scale in pregnant women based on social cognitive theory.

A multi-phase scale development method was used to build the scale. To generate a pre-final version of the instrument, face and content validity were measured at the following step. The validation of the instrument was evaluated through a sample of 240 pregnant women. Then, the construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha of the scale were calculated.

In the beginning, a 36-item scale was created by undertaking a qualitative phase. This number was lowered to 24 items after content validity. Seven factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis (outcome expectations, outcome value, self-efficacy, social support, self-regulation, mutual determinant, and behavior) which accounted for 52 percent of the observed variance. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a model with a suitable fitness for the data. For the subscales, Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.83 to 0.94, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0.80 to 0.88, which is within acceptable limits.

The findings showed that the PAP-SCT is valid and reliable scale that can help us better understand aspects associated to physical activity in pregnant women. As a result, it has the potential to be employed in the future research.

The aim of this paper is reporting the development and validation of the Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale (GAD-19S), for assessing the COVID-19 related anxiety.

This is a methodological and psychometric study, we developed a 7-Item Generalized anxiety disorder of COVID-19 scale (GAD-19S) to measure symptoms of anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic to help identify people who might need mental health services. In developing the GAD-19S scale items, we considered a previous theory and research on anxiety symptoms and symptoms reported in Iran. The scale was validated in the Razavi Khorasan (N=500).

The CVR in this study for the total scale was 0.81 indicating a satisfactory result. Also, the CVI of for the scale was0.78 that the scale had good content validity. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for the seven-factor model. GAD-19S showed good internal consistency

 The results support the viability of GAD-19S as a tool to identify individuals experiencing COVID-19 related anxiety.

The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for polycystic ovarian syndrome among Baghdad women.

The current case-control study was performed on 100 PCOS women and 100 controls without PCOS in Baghdad hospitals from 1 Sep 2019 to 15 Dec 2019. Data was collected by face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, menstrual history, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, family history of PCOS, diet, drug used, and clinical symptoms of PCOS. Among other methods, the data were analysed using SPSS (version 22), the Chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Some of the significant factors of PCOS included age (P=0.02), occupational status (P=0.004), educational level (P=0.003), BMI (P=0.003), waist circumference (P=0.004), family history of PCOS (P=0.000), diet (P=0.001), regular menstrual cycle (P=0.00) and Clomid use (P=0.00). Other risk factors were regular physical exercise (P=0.16) and having children (P=0.55) which were not significant.

Target the risk factors of age, educational level, occupational status, BMI, waist circumference, family history, diet, regular menstrual cycle, and Clomid used, we should perform early screening, the diagnosis and treatment of POCS and identify its risk factors for decreasing PCOS incidence and improve its prognosis.

Approximately 95% of orthodontic patients report pain during treatment. Orthodontic pain is the most common reason which patients request for ceasing treatment. Considering this necessity in persian speaking orthodontic patients, it was intended to assess the psychometric prpoperties(validity and reliability) of the Persian version of the SF-MPQ(P-SF-MPQ) after a translation and backtranslation process.

First, the items of SF-MPQ were translated into Persian. In order to determine the face validity and content validity, a questionnaire was prepared and presented to the orthodontists and orthodontic patients. The reliability of the research tool was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the consistency of the results. In order to assess the construct validity of the P-SF-MPQ, 200 patients were asked to fill out the P-SF-MPQ.

All the items were designed in the same constructs as they were in the original SF-MPQ. Two items of SF-MPQ, were omitted from the final version of the translated questionnaire according to their low CVR. The mean of the CVI, CVR, and impact score for the items of the P-SF-MPQ were obtained as 0.798, 0.53, and 3.29, respectively. Mean value of CVI in simplicity, relevance, and clarity parts were obtained as 0.79, 0.8, and 0.8, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated as 0.851. The ICC for the whole questionnaire was 0.848, which was statistically significant (p<0.0001).

According to the findings of this exploratory psychometric study, the Persian version of the SF-MPQ (P-SF-MPQ) has appropriate validity and reliability.

E-health intervention can be a valuable way to deal with asthma and reduce the global burden of it. In this research, we aimed to determine the type of e-health interventions in the interventional studies in asthma based on PubMed during 2000 to 2018.

The research was carried out using content analysis and scientometric techniques. To reach the research population, the keywords of two concepts of asthma and e-health, were identified and then the search formula was developed using “Mesh” and “Ti” tags. By examining the 452 articles, the research population was limited to 102 articles that had somehow used e-health technologies to intervene in asthma. The extracted data from the articles were: the publication year, type of e-health technology used in the intervention, thematic scope of the intervention, and the affiliated countries of the articles.

The highest number of the articles has published in 2016. Seventeen categories of ehealth technology were identified by analyzing the content of 102 articles. The findings indicate that web-based systems, text messaging, and mobile applications were at the forefront of the technologies used in the studies. The highest number of interventions occurred in “asthma control”, “medication adherence”, and “self-management”. The United States has the highest share among the affiliated countries of the articles.

Web-based solutions have been the most extensively employed technology. In the most studies, the key aim of deploying e-health interventions have been to improve “asthma control”. The United States has contributed the most in the studies.

 The purpose of this study is to look at the influence of continuous moderate-intensity exercise on the risk of diabetic ulcers in people with type 2 diabetes.

This study employed a randomized control trial design, with 30 participants divided into 15 as the intervention group and 15 as the control group. Continuous Moderate-Intensity Exercise is done three times per week for a total of twelve sessions each month. The covariance was performed to analyze the data, with a significance threshold of 0.05.

 The intervention group had a much lower risk of diabetic ulcers than the control group, according to the findings. Furthermore, covariance revealed that Continuous Moderate-Intensity Exercise had a significant influence on the risk level of diabetic ulcers in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

 Continuous Moderate-Intensity Exercise is predicted to be used as an intervention to reduce diabetic ulcer complications in people with diabetes mellitus.

Today, it is essential that new technologies such as Smartphone’s and their tools, such as applications, be considered in the design of health interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of educational intervention on promoting communication skills among students using the m-health approach based on theory of planned behavior.

We conducted a quasi-experimental intervention study among 160 university students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) during 2020. Data were measured using a self-report questionnaire based on theory of planed behavior constructs. Results were measured at the beginning and two months after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using chi-square, Independent Samples t-test, and paired sample t-test.

The mean age of students was 21.88 years [SD: 2.51]. Our findings showed the efficiency of the intervention in increasing the scores of attitude (32.05 increased to 32.76; P=0.005), subjective norms (12.19 increased to 12.40; P=0.038), and behavioral intention (10.32 increased to 11.95; P<0.001) towards learning communication skills in the intervention group. Also, the estimated effect sizes for attitude, subjective norms, and intention were 0.48, 0.23, and 0.72, respectively.

We have shown that the tested m-Health program has been effective in promoting attitudes, subjective norms and intentions to learn communication skills. Given the availability of this technology, it seems that it can lead to useful findings in promoting youth health.

One of the important causes of anxiety in COVID-19 is the inability to regulate emotion and lack of self-control during threatening conditions. Psychotherapy techniques have been effective in reducing psychological disorders. This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on emotional regulation and self-control of these patients.

It was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group. The statistical population included 30 men who were undergoing COVID-19 quarantine. Available sampling was used and individuals were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, the dialectical behavior therapy was performed in 10 sessions of 90 minutes. Tangi self-control and Garnofsky emotion regulation questionnaires were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and multivariate analysis of covariance.

There was a significant difference between the mean scores of emotional regulation and self-control variables in the experimental and control groups (p<0.05). The effect of this treatment on increasing the emotional regulation score was 27% and on increasing the self-control score was 15%.

Dialectical behavior therapy can increase cognitive regulation and improve self-control in patients with COVID-19. It is suggested that this intervention be used in psychological treatment programs.

To evaluate the effects of CBT among randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on psychological stress, physical health, and self-care behavior among type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients.

The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Analysis) statement was used in all review stages. Study selection and study quality were based on Jonna Briggs Institute (JBI). Relevant articles search from three databases, namely PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, was conducted. The search yielded 1143 articles and 19 RCTs met the inclusion criteria to evaluate the effects of CBT.

CBT significantly ameliorated depressive symptoms, anxiety, diabetes-related stress, glycemic control, quality of life, and self-care behavior such as self-blood glucose monitor, medication adherence, and physical activity. However, heterogeneity in terms of CBT delivery modes, follow-up duration, various outcomes, and long-term effects are considered when interpreting results.

Findings suggest that CBT can be integrated into diabetes management to achieve diabetes outcomes regarding psychological and physical health as well as self-care behavior.

Social distancing is one of the most effective methods to control the transmission of Covid-19. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of social distancing in the students of Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 342 students of Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was performed electronically using the availability sampling method. Data collection tools were a questionnaire of demographic information and a questionnaire designed for measuring students’ social distancing knowledge, attitude, and practice. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests at the 0.05 significance level.

The mean age of participants was 21.56±2.112. Out of 342 participants, 222 (64.9%) were female, 84.2% were single, and 84.8% were living in urban areas. The median of social distancing knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 6±1, 48±4, and 16±3, respectively. Out of the 342 surveyed students, 85.4% showed a good level of social distancing knowledge, 76% showed a good attitude towards social distancing, 22.8% showed moderate attitude, and none (0%) showed poor attitude. However, only 0.6% of the surveyed students earned good social distancing practice scores.

Despite the good social distancing knowledge and attitude scores of the surveyed students, they were doing poorly in practicing social distancing. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Social Distancing, Covid-19, Coronavirus

Exploring the challenging experiences of parents with CKD children hospitalized in nephrology units.

Using the content analysis approach, a qualitative study was carried out on 19 parents with CKD children. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. For data gathering, in-depth, semi-structured, and face-to-face interviews were carried out and the collected data was analyzed through conventional content analysis.

Data analyses revealed two overarching categories of “confusion and the lack of support” and “chronic illness challenges.” The subcategories of the category one was “insufficient information in parents and others” and “inadequate support.” The category two included the subcategories of “chronic nature of the disease” and “hard to manage disease.”

Through creating a proper communication and supportive environment, the health team members can significantly assist parents.

There is evidence that physical activity plays an essential role in preventing illnesses during pregnancy. This study aimed to determine facilitators, barriers, and structural factors of physical activity in nulliparous pregnant women: A qualitative study using Maxqda.

This qualitative study was conducted from January to June 2020 in nulliparous pregnant women. Forty participants selected randomly from the Pounak Health Center of Tehran City, Iran, were answered open-ended questions about the obstacles that deprived them of physical activity during pregnancy. Data were analyzed by MAXQDA 12 software.

620 primary codes, 42 secondary codes, 11 sub-themes, and 6 themes were extracted. These themes were divided into the PEN-3 categories; facilitators, barriers, and structural factors. The nurture factors as facilitators had communication and support from others as sub-themes. Barriers consisted of socio-cultural (participate in pregnancy ‎class with a companion; social beliefs; culture of poverty), socioeconomic (financial problems), and individual factors‎ (physical, psycho-emotional, and spiritual dimensions) and structural factors consisted of environmental (equipment) and organizational (possibilities in health ‎centers) factors. 

It is essential to comprehend why pregnant women face obstacles to physical activity. Many issues were proposed: the need for enough information on the advantages of physical activity and the role of nurtures factors that need to be motivated to physical activity. Therefore, its a need to investigate structural problems in the community to provide facilities for pregnant women to have physical activity during pregnancy.

Neonatal jaundice is a serious condition that, if not treated properly and promptly, can lead to fatal complications; it is caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood, a yellow material formed when red blood cells are broken down; proper management to avoid serious neurological complications is dependent on mothers' knowledge and beliefs about the condition. Neonatal jaundice is a main cause of hospitalization worldwide in the first week of life; it may result in morbidity and mortality if not properly managed. To assess mothers' knowledge and attitudes towards neonatal jaundice.

Using a structured questionnaire, a descriptive (cross-sectional) study to assess the knowledge and attitudes on neonatal jaundice among the 200 mothers in Telafer General Hospital was conducted with an interview schedule and convenient sampling technique. To determine the content validity of the study, (12) experts were selected to review the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire is determined using the Cronbach's Alpha test.

The majority of the mothers (62.5%) have poor knowledge about neonatal jaundice, (30%) of them have moderate knowledge, and  (7.5%) of them have good knowledge. Also, this study show the majority of the mothers (69%) have poor attitudes about neonatal jaundice (25.5%) have moderate attitudes, and  (5.5%) of them have good attitudes.

The mothers had poor knowledge and attitudes about neonatal jaundice.

To investigate the effect of perceived stress and coping strategies among adults during COVID-19 outbreak (May and July 2020) in Karaj, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 792 adults (aged ≥18 years) using convenience sampling method. The relationship between age, general health, perceived stress, primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and coping strategies as independent variables, and social functioning and emotional health as dependent variables was evaluated using pathway analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS-19 and Lisrel software.

The mean age of the participants was 38.87±8.73. Among the variables directly associated with emotional wellbeing in men, emotional coping has the most positive association (B=0.13) and problem coping has the most negative relation(B=0.022) and secondary appraisal has the most negative association indirectly (B=0.04). The perceived stress has the most effect on the social function in men indirectly (B=0.21), and secondary appraisal has the most positive relationship with social function in men indirectly (B=0.11). Further, perceived stress has the most negative association with social function among women in direct route (B=0.088) and general health has the most positive relationship in this regard (B=0.014).

The perceived stress should be noticed and managed effectively to improve mental health. The emotion-focused coping can positively affect the emotional wellbeing and problem-focused coping negatively influences it.

The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 necessitated some modifications in infection control measures in dental practice. This study aimed to assess the changes in general dentists’ approach towards infection control measures in dental practice in Rasht city, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study was conducted on 250 general dentists in Rasht city. The approach of general dentists towards infection control measures was evaluated using a researcher-designed questionnaire with four domains of patient screening, adherence of office staff to preventive measures, patient admission measures, and use of infection control equipment. Some demographic, educational, and occupational parameters were also recorded (alpha=0.05).

46.4% of dentists had good approach towards infection control measures in dental practice. Of the four domains, dental clinicians acquired the maximum score in adherence of office staff to preventive measures (2.46±0.69), and minimum score in patient admission measures (1.47±0.96). The acquired score was 2.33±1 in use of infection control equipment and 2.1±0.89 in patient screening. parameters revealed no significant correlation with age, gender, work experience, or number of working days per week (P>0.35).

The results showed maximum change in dental clinicians’ approach towards the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), efficient infection control equipment, and office disinfection. Minimum change was noted in patient screening and admission. By an increase in the national rate of vaccination against the COVID-19, the vaccination card or QR code are expected to be required as a prerequisite for patient admission, which would improve the patient admission domain.

 COVID-19 quickly became a global pandemic. To analyse, manage, and predict the COVID-19 pandemic's course, identify the true number of community illnesses.However, this total number is fundamentally different from the number of confirmed cases due to the overlap of symptoms with other conditions, or because a large part of the infection may come without symptoms in addition to geographically and temporally variable testing efforts and strategies. These estimates broaden the options for identifying variables influencing the evolution of the pandemic and determining global vaccinations needs. Smokers, in general, are more likely to get infectious respiratory disorders and significant consequences from these infections, while there are contradictory studies on the influence of smoking on the risk of (COVID-19). COVID19 individuals with certain risk factors had poor results. High blood pressure has been related to unfavourable outcomes and death in "COVID-19 patients", despite  lack clear evidence that it increases incidence of new infections or unfavourable outcomes irrespective of age or other risk factors. COVID-19 can cause severe symptoms and consequences in diabetics.

The current investigation attempted to investigate the true spread of COVID-19 infection among suspected adults in the Iraqi governorates of Thi-Qar and Al-Muthanna and assess the relationship between tobacco smoking, diabetes, and high blood pressure comorbidities, and their association with susceptibility to acquiring the infection with COVID-19.

In this study 214 suspected cases of CoV-2, among adults (age ≥ 20 years), of both sexes, for the period from early 2021 until April 2021 were tested for CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR. Plus the IgG / IgM Rapid Test Cassette, along with CoV-2-related symptoms. Information on whether they smoke or suffer from diabetes and high blood pressure has also been supplemented.

The patients investigated in this study were among 214 suspected to be infected with covid-19, among whom 100 individuals were confirmed to be infected really. They ranged in age from 20 - 80 years, with a mean of (31.54 - 62.59) years. According to the results, the age group 61-80 years old was the most affected group among the COVID-19 patients, by (45%). In addition, the proportion of males infected with COVID-19 was higher across all age groups (64%) than the proportion of females (36%). On the other hand, the percentage of smoker patients versus non-smokers was (47% vs 53%). The proportion of diabetics to nondiabetics was (43 % vs 57 %). As for the ratio of hypertensive to normotensive COVID-19 patients, the was (62 % vs 38 %).
Conclusion; Age, masculinity, smoking, diabetes, and high blood pressure are other risk factors for Coronavirus infection.

This study was designed by a qualitative approach to explore changes in sexual life in women with genital warts

A qualitative study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, from January 2019 to February 2020 on a purposeful sample of 14 women and 2 couples with genital warts. Data were collected through unstructured interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis approach.

After conducting 23 interviews with 18 participants about understanding and experiencing sexual function following genital warts, a total of 224 initial codes were extracted.
The central theme obtained was: “instability in sexual function” which includes 4 main categories: "Changes in the patient and spouse desire ", “Changes in the patient and spouse arousal”, “Changes in the patient and spouse orgasm “and” dyspareunia”.

This study revealed the perceptions and experiences of women with genital warts about changes in their sexual life, which are often not expressed in quantitative studies. The results showed that genital warts have significant negative effects on various aspects of female sexual function. It seems that recognizing women's sexual dysfunction after getting genital warts may help health workers and women take effective and practical measures to improve their sexual function and health.

Determine the effect of educational intervention based on the BASNEF model on promoting the sexual health of married women of reproductive age.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 52 eligible women. Sampling was performed using the stratified random cluster sampling method. Participants were divided into interventional and control groups. The intervention was carried out based on the BASNEF model over four sessions. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the BASNEF questionnaire, and items on overall sexual health. The sexual health educational content based on the BASNEF model (4 sessions ) by a faculty member researcher, was recorded through the camtasia2020 software, and then per week was sent to the participants of the intervention group via email or virtual systems. The questionnaires were completed before and 8 weeks after the intervention in the two groups. The data before and after the intervention were compared in the intervention and control groups.

After education, the mean scores of beliefs (d = 0.000, P = 0.133, t (25) = 1.55) and subjective norms (d = 0.668, P = 0.002, t (25) = 3.40) in participants in the intervention group increased. After education, the rate of referral to sex counseling centers was significantly higher in the intervention group (34.6%) than the control group (7.7%) (P = 0.017).

The results of this study showed that the implementation of an educational program based on the BASNEF model, in addition to promoting women’s sexual awareness, could modify their subjective norms, as well.

 The present study aimed to determine the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in the retired elderly population.

 A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 196 elderly members of retirement centers using convenient sampling in XXX city of XXX. Data collection included oral examinations and structured interviews. The Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) was used to measure OHRQoL. Moreover, information on sociodemographic characteristics, use of dental services, and subjective health measures were collected. The independent t-test and ANOVA were used to statistical analysis in SPSS 21.

 The mean GOHAI score was 47.5±6.3 (range 26-59). The mean psychosocial domain score was significantly lower than others (P<0.001). Participants with complete dentures and those with more than 20 teeth showed the highest, and those with partial dentures had the lowest quality of life. Xerostomia was the most prevalent oral condition (29.1%).

 The findings indicated the retired elderly who were members of the retirement center had a moderate level of OHRQoL. The obtained data on OHRQoL in the elderly can help the decision-makers plan oral health programs for the elderly.

Present study was conducted to investigate the exposure of the population covered by Iranian health insurance to the catastrophic cost of health.

This cross-sectional study was performed on household income expenditure data. The sample included 20,764 households. The model of the World Health Organization was employed to measure the catastrophic cost of health. After extracting the data of the insured from the questionnaire, they were entered into SPSS statistical software.

From the total sample studied, 4.89% of households were faced with a catastrophic cost of health. The findings show that female-headed households are more likely to incur catastrophic costs. Some levels of education of the head of the household reduced the likelihood of incurring a catastrophic cost. Unemployed households and other occupations were significantly more costly. The results of the analysis also indicated that the using dental services has a positive and significant effect on households facing catastrophic health costs. The chances of facing the catastrophic cost of health in the fourth, fifth, and sixth decades were significantly higher than those of other income decades.

The results of the study showed that Iran's health insurance coverage has not been able to fully protect the insured from the catastrophic costs of health. Improving the livelihood of the community along with paying special attention to vulnerable families and patients with special diseases will play an important role in reducing this index in the insured of the Iranian Health Insurance Organization.

 University students have increased health problems, mental disorders and health risk behaviors, compared to general population. Health consequences may increase by the presence of multiple risk factors and the lack of protective ones. Therefore, universities with socioeconomically vulnerable students should take this students health into serious consideration. From a positive psychology scope, we studied health related quality of life of students, and its relation to academic stress coping and happiness increasing strategies in a Chilean public regional university.  

 We used a relational transversal design, with a random stratified polietapic sample of 351 students. Applied instruments included: Academic Stress Coping Scale, Positive Affect Enhancing Strategies Scale and EUROQoL 5-D. Analysis included descriptive statistics, Student t, and simple ANOVA, while profile analysis was made through Hierarchical Cluster method. 

university students have lower health related quality of life than general population. Academic stress coping and happiness enhancing strategies showed 5 profiles. 

 These profiles differed in the coping strategies that students mostly use and the Passive Coping Profile showed very low health related quality of life. These findings add knowledge to integral health promotion for university students.