مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 26، پاییز 1400)

Literary discourse is one of the contemporary doctrines of criticism that tries to open a new window for understanding literary texts and reveal the hidden beauties of texts through the analysis of literary words and their effects on arousing the emotions of the audience. One of the most important masterpieces of the Jahili poet, Imru al-Qais, alongside his Hanging Poem (معلقه (is "Ala um Sabah…" (… صباحا عم اال ,(which has attracted the attention of many critics since ancient times. This study tried to analyze the effects of the social and temporal factors of the society that the poet lives in, on his discourse. The analysis of linguistic structures of the poem shows that social and cultural factors have consciously or unconsciously influenced the poet's discourse. Moreover, investigating the music of the ode and the syntactic and rhetorical structures shows that the creation of various images in addition to creating literary beauties in the ode have had a great impact on conveying the dominant ideas of the poet and attracting the audience.

The anti-hero or "antagonist" (الالبطل (is one of the rejected characters of history who is confronted mythical heroes with dramatic contradictions due to a kind of abnormal behavior. Contemporary Arab poets, in order to express contemporary experiences and impose personal and collective concerns on the audience, alongside identifying with heroes, have also called for anti-heroes, which inspires dissatisfaction with the non-implementation of popular ideas and ideals, despair, incompetence of the Arab rulers, betrayals and so on. Among the anti-heroes, Judas Iscariot who is a symbol of betrayal and hypocrisy in history, is an archetype and a reflection of the instability and incompetence of the Arab rulers in governing societies. Abdul Aziz Maqaleh, a contemporary Yemeni poet, is one of the poets who, in the context of his poetry, used this despised religious figure to convey personal and impersonal experiences, and with the help of which he tried to make his audiences aware of the inconsistencies of the times. The study tried to critique and analyze the following two poems "The Age of Yehuza" and "Yehuza" using an analytical and descriptive-analytical approach to reveal the reasons of using it as an anti-hero in a poetic text. It is inferred that Judas is an equivalent for a political enemy who has taken over the rule of the contemporary world, and the author tries to make his audience aware of the dominance of betrayal and hypocrisy in the contemporary world by composing that text.

Imagination is one of the key component of poetry and distinguishes artistic poetry from prose, so much that such literary theorists as early as Aristotle, founded the definition of poetry on the concept of imagination. Qasidat al-Uzriyah fi madh al-Nabi wa Āl al-Bayt is one of the longest and the most valuable poems in Arabic literature. This ode possesses a striking literary style and displays a glorious epic style. This ode belongs to the late Iraqi poet Muhammad Kazim al-Uzri, 580 verses of which have survived. One of the salient features of this poem is the use of literary images, especially beautiful images of epic. In various lines of the poem, the poet depicts battle scenes and the glorious feats of ritual heroes by drawing on stunning epic and imaginative images. Since no independent research has been done on the images of this valuable ode of Arabic and ritual literature, such a studying that aims revealing the aesthetics of its imagery is important and necessary. The study tried to enumerate and analyze the most important elements of imagination through a descriptive and analytical method. The results show that the poet has been able to describe the battle scenes and chivalric deeds of the heroes’ fair by sketching the artistic potentials of imagination. The poet has used various types of artistic similes such as eloquent simile, inverted simile, and compound simile as artistic tools to better convey the intended meanings. Likewise, by animating such war tools as swords, spears, or incarnating abstract and mental concepts such as death, times and other concepts consisting of external components of war, the poet has contributed to the dynamism of the images which have gained a remarkable boost as such. In addition to rhetorical images, items such as allusive images and auditory images have helped the poet to map and expand a space appropriate to the epic form and content at hand.

In Jung's analytical psychology model, the mental part of human beings consists of male and female elements and only the agreeing side or element is evident and the other side is hidden. The animus or inner male is the masculine side of woman and responsible for masculine behaviors that influences subconsciously her behavior, performance, speech, and mental life. Jung believes that if a woman can control her inner force and compromise with it she will show its positive masculine characteristics and if she cannot control it she will show negative masculine characteristics. This inner force of women’s mental issues manifests itself in various positive and negative forms. Female poetry is one of the main manifestations of the animus. The study aimed to discover the manifestations, meanings, and implications of animus in Nazik al-Malaika’s poems, as one of the pioneers of form and content revolution in contemporary Arabic poetry. Lack of a systematic analysis of the masculine aspect of Nazik Al-Malaika’s poems, as one of pioneering female contemporary Arabic poetry, which uses psychological approaches was identified to be necessary. The results showed that in her individuality realm, she sometimes is in peace with her male side and sometimes she struggles with it and puts her psychological life in danger. Moreover, the dominance of desperation in her poems shows that she has usually been unsuccessful in dealing with the influencing force. Therefore, the negative aspects of animus are more manifested in comparison with positive aspects.

The children literature is the origin of the values ​​and aspirations of a society that must be internalized in the spirit and soul of an important group of people, namely children and adolescents, because they are the future makers of the society.  This field of children literature differs greatly from adult literature. One of the most significant of these differences is the elements of the story, because the elements of the children's story must fit into the characteristics, wishes, and talents of the children. Character is another important element in this matter. Examining character’s impact on the reader makes the selection of the story more crucial, and introduces suitable and useful stories. With this view, participation in this field of literature becomes feasible only for those who have achieved deep knowledge and understanding of the field. Zakaria Tamer, contemporary Syrian writer, is one of those writers who has succeeded in this area and has created valuable and lasting stories. This study aimed to investigate the element of character in Zakaria Tamer's story collection through a descriptive-analytical method, in order to evaluate and measure their educational role and effect on the audience. The results show that Zakarria Tomer has applied different kinds of characters including human, animal, and natural and artificial phenomena. As seen in Tamer's story collection, Tamer applied one (specific) character in one story and different mixed characters in others. Animal characters showed higher frequency of usage and played a pivotal role among others. This may refer to and be influenced by children's psychological features. Animals are selected depending on their character features. Behind each story, Tamer sought an educational message illustrated through characters' speech and action. Simplifying the speech and action through applying rhetorical feature made the understanding less complex

The issue of dystopia and related concepts, such as collapse and destruction in the Islamic worldview and philosophy, has a special prominence. After the Second World War and the collapse of the Palace of aspirations, poets paid more attention to the themes of the dystopia in their poems. The history and the political and social situation of Iran and Iraq in the contemporary period has led to a surprising closeness in the themes of the poetic compositions of the two countries. Both countries have experience colonialism, tyranny, war, injustice, and oppression. In this way, the poets of both cultures, especially, Badr Shaker al-Sayyab and Mehdi Akhavan Sales, have become the reflection of the sufferings, pains, and aspirations of the people who have lived in the dystopia made by their poets. Since dystopia makes a large volume of poems of the poets in question, its study is important. Moreover, dystopia in their poetry has not been studied from a comparative point of view. Therefore, this study explores the poems and thoughts of these two poets and the idea of ​​dystopia in their poems using the American school of comparative literature and applying the descriptive-analytical method. The results show due to the influence of the unsettled conditions in which Sayyab and Akhvan lived, they have included the themes of ruins in their poetry. Also, the use of elements of time and place and the technique of time interference in place have added to the beauty of their poems. On the other hand, Sayyab and Akhvan have tried to express the deterioration of the situation of their moment by using the images of dystopia and relying on the elements of time and place.