نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی
پیاپی 80 (تابستان 1401)

Various physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among which the structure and visual values ​​of the environment play an important role in improving the quality of urban space (Hosseini and Et al., 1390: 84). Among these, one of the urban elements that can play an important role in promoting the quality and visual values ​​of the environment and the appearance of the city is the sky line.  The skyline is one of the most influential factors in arranging urban spaces and planning appropriate urban environments, etc.  A factor that is rarely seen in metropolitan areas today.  It seems that in order to have a diverse and at the same time harmonious urban skyline, in the first place, it is necessary to reconnect the fields of philosophy, art and daily life, which are free from the abstract and abstract view of experts.  The development of interdisciplinary professions such as GIS, architecture and urban design is one of the measures in this direction that can have a different and more accurate view of the urban skyline.  Therefore, the need for advanced geographical models for spatial three-dimensionalization and decision-making and forecasting goals in urban planning and design, especially in the case of vertical evaluation and development, is very clear and necessary.  The advantages of using three-dimensional GIS models can be high potential in urban evaluation and analysis in various dimensions of urban aesthetics and high technology in the field of spatial analysis, the ability to test urban proposals and the power of semantic and topological storage.  Mentioned above.  Therefore, the use of these softwares to analyze urban issues is very important and increases the accuracy of urban planners and managers.  For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the status of the urban skyline in the study areas and based on this, the importance of the perceptual and managerial dimension of the issue is analyzed using new methods and techniques.

 The analytical approach of the research is physical and the method used in this research is three-dimensional vision analysis.  Also, Arc GIS software has been used for easy preparation of the environment in 3D to perform the required analyzes.  The data set used includes: digital model data of elevation, surface and floor layers of urban blocks.

   In the present study, the concept of skyline was analyzed using three-dimensional GIS analysis in areas of urban areas 1 and 5 located in the east and northeast of Tabriz.  Areas of interest include Valiasr town and Rushdieh town.  So far, many different methods have been proposed to display and analyze the skyline.  Some of these methods were reviewed in the research background and their strengths and weaknesses were identified.  But the purpose of this article was to investigate the capabilities of 3D analysis and modeling through the development of 3D GIS in skyline display and analysis.  Evaluating the results obtained in this research and comparing it with the results of studies in this field shows that three-dimensional analysis of GIS and 3D GIS development in comparison with other methods, provided there is accurate and comprehensive information, has high efficiency and capability.  The research hypothesis is confirmed.

The skyline is important both in terms of urban architecture and in terms of urban planners and designers; Although these specialties are different in terms of information extraction methods, methods and analytical contexts, but they are quite similar in terms of results.  In general, it can be said that the skyline is one of the analyzes that are analyzed and evaluated in different software environments such as Arc GIS and in different fields.But the results of this study proved in another way that the three-dimensional GIS environment provides an opportunity to easily view and analyze the level of impact, effectiveness, volume, dimensions and angles of the skyline; This software also has high analytical power.  While the analysis of the sky line in a two-dimensional environment gives a graphical and dimensionless result, percentage and frequency.  But the most important difference and the ability to use 3D GIS analysis is that it provides a platform where even people with little knowledge of urban views can easily see the results and make decisions based on it.  Also, the capabilities and capabilities of GIS in the field of various valuations and combined analyzes of vector and raster functions, as well as the presentation of three-dimensional analysis, have led its applications to urban design.

Mainly containing thin gypsum units, evaporite formations cover 8% of the Earth's surface and 25% of the Earth's continental surface (Ford and Williams, 2007). The term karst refers to a set of geological processes and the phenomena resulting from the dissolution of carbonate rocks. Decomposing the structure of the rocks forms a unique hydrological regime, leading to the development of special landforms (Ministry of Power, TAMAB, 1994). In general, the eight elements needed to develop a karst are: precipitation, relief, lithology, thickness of carbonate layers, carbon, low temperature, pressure, and tectonic rocks (White, 1988). Sinkholes are the enclosed depressions that are known as the characteristic of carbonate and evaporite karst landscapes. In recent years, several genetic classifications have been published for sinkholes (Gutierrez et al., 2008).

To conduct this research, a 160,000-m2 area of the Gachsaran formation in Maroon plain with a high density of sinkhole was examined and visited. The exact geographical location and specifications of 51 sinkholes were surveyed, and it was found that the sinkholes totally account for 25% of the surveyed area. Table 1 lists the specifications of the sinkholes. Also, in another field visit conducted in this study area, a sub-basin with an area of 6.2 hectares, average slope of 28%, and length of 2301.7 m was selected for the surface runoff sampling during the precipitation, which also included a number of previously surveyed sinkholes. The surface runoff samples taken included the first moment of runoff onset, which began 3 hours and 27 minutes after the start of precipitation. Then, 5:19, 5:45, 8:10, 9, and 9:20 after the start of precipitation, other samples of surface runoff were taken again to monitor the changes in the ions dissolved in the runoff in the spatial and temporal intervals. The minimum height of this sub-basin is 520 m, and its maximum height is 888 m above sea level. Also, in this regard, to estimate the average long-term rainfall of the region from the 20-year rainfall data of the meteorological stations in the study area, the daily rainfall data of the Maroon meteorological station in the vicinity of the study area, 1:100,000 geological map of Behbahan sheet, 1:50,000 topography, and 10-m DEM of the study area were used as the research data.

The obtained results showed that a total of 25% of the surveyed area is covered with the surface and visible sinkholes. It should also be noted that the dissolution in the Gachsaran formation is not the only erosion process that is taking place. In addition to the dissolution of gypsum, the marls of this formation are eroded by the surface runoff due to the precipitation and leave the basin as a suspended load, which accelerates the formation of sinkholes. Therefore, it can be stated that the time interval estimated in this study can be shorter, because the effect of the accelerating factor of the suspended load was not calculated, which requires the investigation and study to calculate the suspended load. Directing the runoff by sinkholes to downstream areas is likely to lead to the same expansion of the underground karst and tunnel, which is not visible. Also, it is not clear how many cavities and tunnels formed in the subsurface of this area, but this is not expected to be low based on the obtained results. There are roads, agricultural lands and, more importantly, residential areas on the gypsum zones, at least 25% of which are visible sinkholes, and the subsurface tunnels that are expanding every year at this dissolution rate. In addition to the effective rainfall, the presence of agricultural lands requiring continuous irrigation and intensifying the dissolution rate can lead to surface collapses and expansion of sinkholes, which ultimately threatens the life and financial security of the inhabitants in these areas.

Based on the field observations and the conducted studies, the sinkholes in the stream course have a generally elongated form and often have several ponors. Given that the sinkholes do not retain the aggregated runoff inside the sinkhole and the runoff exits through the same ponors, such diversity in the number of ponors results in a number of sinkholes in the stream course, which are connected together through a subsurface path. Unlike calcareous sinkholes that can direct the runoff current to karst aquifers, water is rapidly saturated due to the high solubility of gypsum. The dissolution is mainly limited to the opening area of the sinkhole, and less runoff finds the opportunity to expand the sinkhole in depth. It should be noted that based on the results, to increase the safety factor and reduce the risk of gypsum dissolution, it is necessary to monitor and study the subsurface area and to examine the subsurface cavities and tunnels that have formed so far. Finally, to reduce the risks of the dissolution rate, some arrangements such as sinkhole risk zoning should be made. This is because the cavities in the gypsum layers with the high dissolution rate can easily expand and prepare the conditions for the sudden collapse so that the whole plain suffers the collapse, incurring human and financial losses.

Pistachio, like many subtropical fruit trees, need a cold period in their annual cycle to allow the buds to bloom naturally after the right conditions are in place. There are several models to calculate the chilling needs of pistachio, of which the chilling hours model, Utah and Utah positive are the most important of these models. The studied geographical area is Yazd-Ardakan plain located in Yazd province.

In this study, according to statistical tests based on meteorological variables, the chilling hours model was selected for modeling. To conduct this research, three-hour temperature data of Yazd Synoptic Station during the statistical period of 1367-1396 were used to model and estimate the total monthly chilling hours of pistachio and The daily temperature data of this station during the statistical period of 1961-2005 were used for the SDSM model and the monthly temperature statistics of the years 1385-1397 were used to evaluate the downscaling data of the CanESM2 model under different RCP scenarios and finally modeling for the years 1400 -1429 was done.

Results indicate that there is a significant correlation between monthly cumulative hours of temperatures between zero and 7.2 ° C and monthly temperature parameters such as mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature and mean monthly temperature, which in the absence of data hourly temperature can be used to model and determine monthly cumulative hours.

Findings show that the chilling needs of Kalle-Ghuchi, Owhadi and Ahmad- Aghaei species will be met in the coming years and Akbari and Fandoghi species will not be met.

A child-friendly city is one of the theories of urban planning, in line with allocating citizenship rights to children and taking care of their wishes and needs, with the aim of creating an opportunity for children to shape or change their surroundings (Sardar Masri,897:2017). Many studies have been conducted in connection with child-friendly cities in recent years. For the first time in 2007, UNICEF introduced the city of Bendigo, Australia, as the first city to successfully implement child-friendly city projects. Bendigo was introduced as a city where attention to children's rights is the priority in solving urban problems (Kiani & esmailzade kavaki,2012:51). Examining cities' current situation indicates children's neglect in urban planning, especially in Iran (Ghaffari et al., 2014:27). This is even though children, in addition to being an essential part of society, are strongly influenced by the environment and space. One of the urban places that require special attention in this regard is parks and green spaces because they play an essential role in children's leisure time.The present article has examined the studies that have been conducted in the field of the child-friendly city since 1980. Since the 1920s, Western countries have shown early attention to children and their relationship with the environment, and since the 1990s, they have begun to build child-friendly cities, and currently, they have made positive achievements in both the theory and practical examples (Yao & Xiaoyan,2017:699). This research is more about assigning citizenship rights to children and providing for their needs. Today, the child-friendly city is at the top of decision-makers agenda in urban affairs.Therefore, this article examines children's chances to have a share in creating their environment and highlights their ideas, especially in green space design.

The main goal of this study is to identify the indicators of child-friendly green spaces and, in the next step, to measure the realization of child-oriented green spaces in Nazhvan in Isfahan. The method adopted to conduct the present research is descriptive, analytical, and based on the library method and field studies. For this purpose, using the library and documentary method and referring to the available sources in this field, this theory's intellectual and theoretical foundations were studied, and valuable indicators for creating child-friendly green spaces were identified. These indicators were extracted from different scientific sources (including books, articles, and scientific reports). The framework of indicators is produced by collecting all the indicators in a matrix and deducing the most frequent ones. As the main and most important indicators of children's green space, these indicators include security, participation, and sense of belonging, a healthy environment, creativity, interactive spaces, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services. Then, the necessary information was collected by using the field method, including observation, interview, and completing the researcher-made questionnaire. The study sample was selected due to the uncertainty of the community's population size, which included the number of visitors to the green space; based on Cochran's formula in communities of unknown size, 384 cases were selected, including 200 children and 184 adults. Finally, data analysis was done using SPSS software and a T-test.The results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively. In order to improve the level of child-oriented in Nazhvan Park, measures such as: improving the level of services, increasing children's playgrounds suitable for different age groups with high safety, designing and implementing intellectual, group, and various games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park from Through public transportation, it is suggested to improve the safety of the environment and increase the participation of children.

The results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively.

In order to improve the child-friendly approach in Nazhvan Park, some solutions were suggested, including the following: Improving the service level, increasing playgrounds suitable for children of different ages and groups and with high safety, applying and using all kinds of intellectual games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park through public transportation, improving environmental security and increasing Children's participation. Based on the obtained results, we can determine the score of Nazhvan Park in nine sections based on the opinions of children and adults. This result shows the strengths and weaknesses of the park in order to improve the situation according to the child-friendly approach.

The development of urban tourism has been considered by tourism planners and city managers due to its various economic, social, cultural and environmental effects. Following the growth of urbanization, cities are becoming one of the main pillars of the world's commercial economy.

In this regard, the role of public participation in the development and improvement of urban tourism should be considered. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between people's participation in tourism development in Tabriz. The present research is an applied descriptive-survey method based on a questionnaire. The statistical population of the citizens of Tabriz is considered. The sample size was determined according to Cochran's formula of 384 people and was performed by available random sampling method.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the two variables of economic participation and tourism development and with a correlation value of 0.632 and close to 1, it has a high correlation compared to other variables. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the two variables of environmental participation and tourism development and with a correlation value of 0.288, it was found that these two variables have a low correlation with each other. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between the two variables of socio-cultural participation and tourism development and with a correlation value of 0.102, it was found that these two variables have a low correlation with each other.

As a result, economic participation has a more important role in the development of tourism in Tabriz compared to environmental participation and socio-cultural participation. Thus, providing a recognition of the priority levels of participation of the host community in tourism development is a research innovation compared to other studies.

 Ecotourism is one of the common types of tourism activities that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. The ecotourism concept is based on the ideals of environmental protection and sustainable development and refers to a responsible journey to nature with an emphasis on ensuring the improvement of local community life and environmental protection (Seifi and Janbaz, 2017: 479). Ecotourism has a deep connection with sustainable development, which stems from the interactions between tourists and the environment. Proper planning and management in order to develop ecotourism are essential to preserve and maintain the environmental richness of the region as well as the economic improvement of local people (Bunruamkaew and Murayama, 2011: 269). Iran is one of the countries that have a lot of potential for ecotourism development, however, studies show that Iran's natural tourism assets are vast array of scattered, unstabilized resources, and in some cases are on the verge of extinction. The main object of the current paper is to assess the ecotourism potentials and capabilities of the Margavar rural district of Urmia County in northwest of Iran. For this purpose, Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Fuzzy method have been used and ecotourism capabilities zoning map of the study area has been produced.

The current research is a Multicriteria-based study and the Analytic network process (ANP) method and Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used to analyse the data. Spatial criteria were clustered based on reviewing the background into five main groups including climate, human, topography, geology, and tourism and criteria have divided into these 5 groups. At first, the criteria map was prepared in the ArcGIS environment, then all the maps were reclassified with the Reclassify function. In the next step, the criteria maps are standardized with a Fuzzy linear function and the ANP model was run in Super Decisions software, and pairwise comparisons and related super matrices were calculated for the criteria and the relative weight of each criterion was obtained and the resulting weights were applied to maps. Finally, the weighted maps were combined each other using the 0.9 fuzzy gamma operator, and the Fuzzy ecotourism capability zoning map was produced in value 0 to 1.

  After designing the network structure, matrices and related super-matrices were calculated and the relative weights of all criteria were determined. Results showed that temperature, geological structure, slope, rain, and tourism facilities have the most importance and weight in relation to the ecotourism ability of the study area, respectively. According to the ecotourism capabilities zoning map, the study area was divided into four class: completely suitable, relatively suitable, relatively unsuitable, and completely unsuitable. The resulting map analysis shows that areas located in the central and western parts of the region, which have a low slope percentage and also include rich pastures and natural tourist attractions, are in the completely suitable group. Furthermore, some parts of the study area have mountain slopes and difficult topographic conditions that are very difficult to access grouped in completely unsuitable lands for ecotourism activities. The final results of the study show that 14.50% of the study area is in the completely suitable class, 26.32% in the relatively suitable class, 27% in the relatively unsuitable class and 32.15% are in the completely unsuitable class

 Research evaluations show that In general, Margavar rural district, both in terms of potential for the future development of ecotourism and in terms of Its current situation has a lot of potential in this regard in terms of receiving a large number of tourists That comprehensive planning and formulation of effective solutions in this field can be considered an effective way and an important step to achieve sustainable regional development. Application of multi-criteria analysis techniques such as ANP model and Fuzzy model in this research indicates the great flexibility of these methods, which makes it possible to determine different scenarios and combine different criteria with each other. On the other hand, the use of GIS has provided a good platform for feasibility studies, assessment, and identification of the natural environment. Therefore, it can be said that due to the high potential of the Margavar rural district, there is a need to review measures and pay more attention to tourism development plans and studies in this region.

Nowadays, the tourism industry is one of the most significant and diverse industries in the world that was developed rapidly and provided considerable income resources for many governments. Nowadays, the sustainability paradigm emerges as a significant and essential issue and has attracted the attention of the global communities in recent two decades. One of the components considered for reaching a sustainable development is resilience, and nowadays, the experience of the occurred crises and their resulted imposed damages makes the human being realize the need for resilience and making resilient settlement areas. Therefore, the prevailing perspective has changed from mere reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience when facing disasters. On the other hand, the touristic villages are prone to the damages resulting from these developments besides having potential factors in line with the tourism and development due to having tourism potential, and in some cases, due to the low resilience and being tourist-friendly besides the risks caused by the lack of the resilience have affected the villagers’ lives. Thus, due to tourism development, resilience must be considered in tourism villages to reduce the risks caused by the occurrence of the possible damages. Therefore, investigating the resilience of these villages can play a significant role in the development of sustainable tourism in them. Tourism villages of the Ardebil area are one of the tourism villages of the province and have the capability for sustainable tourism development. Thus, investigating the resilience of these villages can play an essential role in the sustainable tourism development within them. According to the abovementioned and the effects of the tourism development on the resilience of the rural regions, the current study was conducted to evaluate and assess the resilience of the target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area and sought to answer the following question: what is the level of the resilience of the target villages for tourism in Ardebil area?

   The current research was descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the research problem and subject. The statistical population of the current study included 11 target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area with a population of 4278. The data collection method to answer the research questions was the library study and the questionnaire. Four aspects, 10 indicators, and 33 items were used to assess resilience. Multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the distributed questionnaires, and the one-sample t-test was used to study the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable and villagers’ opinions on the indicators of resilience. MAIRCA decision-making technique was used to rank the villages.

 The one-sample t-test was used to study the resilience status of the target villages four tourism in four aspects. The overall results of the one-sample t-test indicated an average of 2.13 for the resilience status of the villages under study. Given that the observed average of the resilience of the villages was less than 3, which is the medium level of the Likert scale, it can be said that the overall status of the resilience in the villages under study was evaluated as the low level of resilience. According to the obtained results from the one-sample t-test presented in Table 3, the following average values were obtained: 3.42 for the social aspect, 2.31 for the institutional aspect, 22.27 for the physical aspect, and 1.85 for the economic aspect. The significance level of all indicators was lower than the error level of 0.5. However, the t-value was lower than the critical value of 1.96 in the institutional aspect, and the upper limit and lower limit were negative. Furthermore, the average of the social aspect was more than 3, the desirable limit. Therefore, it can be said that the social aspect was at a more desirable status according to the villagers’ opinions. Nevertheless, other aspects are not at a desirable level, which is effective in reducing the resilience of the villages under study according to villagers’ opinions.

In general, the findings of this research by investigating the resilience status of the target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area, according to the results of the one-sample t-test, indicate that the overall status of the resilience was not desirable. They also indicate the poor resilience and low tolerance of the tourism villages in dealing with the issues caused by the major presence of the tourists at peak conditions of traveling. The overall results of the one-sample t-test indicated an average of 2.13 for the resilience status of the villages under study. Ranking 11 villages under study based on MAIRDA decision-making technique shows that Alvaresi Village and Aladizgeh Village ranked first and second, respectively, based on the score (Q) and are considered total resilient than other villages of the region and have more resilience against the increase in the needs of the village due to the entrance of the tourists. Atashgah, Golestan, Villa Darreh, Ilanjough, Kalkhvoran-e Viyand, Ghareshiran, and Sardabeh villages have relatively low resilience. Kanzag and Kur Abbaslu villages ranked the last in the rural resilience based on the set of the indicators understudy in the current research and are considered in the class of “lack of resilience”.

Today, tourism is considered as one of the most important activities in the world, and it has high potential in generating foreign currency incomes and creating jobs. According to the definition, ecotourism is a responsibly journey to natural areas that protect the environment and improve the lives of local people. Despite having the necessary potential in tourism in Iran, it has not succeeded in attracting tourists. The first step towards achieving tourism development in the country is identifying, assessing, and introducing the existent potentials and capabilities to provide development opportunities with comprehensive knowledge and planning. Dorud is one of the unparalleled regions in Lorestan province due to the availability of sufficient water resources that can be a good place for water resource recreation. Unfortunately, despite these tourist attractions, there has not yet been an organized approach to land use planning that takes into account these natural talents of the region for water tourism. According to the mentioned issues, the present study intends to use a multi-criteria evaluation to identify and zonate suitable areas of water tourism, and its purpose is to properly plan the tourism with environmental considerations and prioritize these areas in the Dorud city.

Dorud is situated in Lorestan Province. It is located between latitudes 33°16'-33°44'N and longitudes 48°47'-49°19'. In this study, by investigating the factors influencing the zoning of tourism-prone areas, Dorud region has been zoned based on multi-criteria evaluation model. Multi-criteria evaluation is a structured process for defining goals, formulating criteria, evaluating, and solving decision problems. In this study, the criteria was detemined based on the criteria of the ecotourism national document, the criteria of the ecological potential assessment, and the ecotourism criteria in the protected areas. After the preparation of the criteria maps, it is necessary to standardize the maps that have different ranges and scales. In this research, Fuzzy and Boolean methods were used to standard the scales. In order to fuzzy the criteria maps, the pixels are ranked based on the membership degree in the fuzzy range from 0 to 255, and high degree of membership indicate more desirability of pixels for tourism. In the Boolean method, zero values are inappropriate areas, and values of one indicate suitable areas for development. In order to weigh the criteria, the pairwise comparison method was used in the form of analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and then the maps were combined using the weighted linear combination method. Then, in order to prepare the final suitable map, it is necessary to extract the zones, which have 70% suitability and have more than 5 hectares. Finally, suitable zones for recreation prioritized by TOPSIS model.

In this research, the effective environmental criteria were considered as informational layers in water recreation zoning. Criteria were taken with two views: one for water recreation in lotic water resources, and the other on flowing water resources. The effective environmental criteria in water recreation zoning classified in 5 criterion groups involved physical, ecological, fundamental, safety, and social-economic and 27 sub criterion for water recreation in Lotic water resources, and 26 sub criterion for water recreation in lentic water resources. At this step, due to the difference in the type of tourism recreation in lotic and flowing water resources, two types of utility maps for the flowing water resources (waterfall and rivers) and the latic water recources (mineral fountain, dam, water reservoirs, sarab, lakes and wetlands) were prepared. Then, in order to zoning the area, the final raster layer was classified into four categories based on the suitability of the land. Thus, the first categort with high potential (the suitability of more than 150), the second category with the average potential (the suitability of 110 to 150), the third category with the weak potential (the suitability of 50 to 110), and the forth category without suitability (0 to 50) were considered. In the next step, the first category was considered as the best class for the water recreation, and extracted from the suitable map. Based on the performed classification, 8.47% of the area has high potential for recreation in flowing water resources, and 10.28% of the area has high potential for recreation in latic water resources. Finally, six suitable zones in each of the recreations were selected, and tourism zones were prioritized according to the TOPSIS method.

The results of criteria weighting for latic water resources showed that distance from lake, wetland, sarab, dam and water reservoirs are the most important criteria in suitable recreation areas. In addition, the results of the combination of AHP and TOPSIS in water resources showed that the slope and depth with a weight of 0.182 and, 0.173, respectively are the most important indicators in this model, respectively. Consequently, results showed that Merok dam, Mahi hamyane Sarab and pond, Heshamatabad 2 pond zones respectively have highest preferences for water recreation in lotic water resources. In relation to the tourism recreation in flowing water resources, weighting criteria shows that distance from the river, slope and height are the most important. In addition, the results of the AHP and TOPSIS combination in flowing water resources show that the slope, water speed, and water volume with a weight of 0.191, 0.171, and 0.140 are three important indicators in this model, respectively. As a result, Sezar River, Gaharrood 1 and Gaharrood 2 have highest preferences for water recreation flowing water resources. The proposed zones in this research were determined based on ecological and socio-economic criteria that indicate the high capability of the zones for this type of recreation. Of course, in order to implement tourism goals, further studies are needed in areas such as determining the ecological capacity of the region, soil erodibility and so on.

Slope instabilities are one of the most distinctive types of geomorphic hazards that are exacerbated by human interference and threaten most of the human installations, especially mountainous highways and impose heavy costs on the government and local residents. Each year, slope instabilities cause enormous economic damages to highway, railways, power transmission and communication lines, irrigation and watering canals, ore extraction, as well as oil and gas refining installations, infrastructures in cities, factories and industrial centers, dams, artificial and natural lakes, forests, pastures and natural resources, farms, residential areas and villages or threaten them. Nowadays, many instabilities are resulted by human intervention and manipulations. One of the effective human factors in instability occurrence is the construction of highway. Highway construction, especially in mountainous areas, increases the probability of occurrence of various types of instabilities, as it changes the natural balance of the slopes and causes deformations in the land. Each year, lots of casualties and financial losses are imposed by the occurrence of various types of instabilities in the slopes overlooking the highways, which also cause the destruction of many natural resources in the country. However, the construction of roads, highways and freeways is necessary and unavoidable in today’s life.The Tehran-North highway will be the route that connect the Iran’s capital Tehran with the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.

This contribution aims to study slope instabilities along this highway using logistic regression method. In this regard, layers of 14 effective factors were identified, comprised of elevation classes, slope, aspect, geology, land use, precipitation, distance from fault, river and highway, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), climate, slope length (LS), stream power index (SPI) and topographic wetness index (TWI). Consequently, maps of the factors responsible for instabilities were prepared as separate layers in the GIS environment and transferred into the Idrisi software. The whole procedure included: (1) preparation of digital elevation model (DEM), river and fault layers based on the 1:25,000 topographic map of the area, as well as distance maps from rivers and faults, (2) creating slope and aspect maps from DEM, (3) preparation of land use and NDVI maps of the region based on unmatched classification of Landsat 8 image of OLI sensor, (4) preparation of geological map, (5) preparation of precipitation and climate layers based on the information obtained from the meteorological organization, (6) creating LS, SPI and TWI layers based on the DEM, (7) conversion of the distribution data of the regional instabilities using Landsat satellite and Google Earth images, (8) correlating the information layers with the regional instability map and calculating their density per unit area, and (9) performing the logistic regression model using Terrset software.

Results obtained by applying logistic regression model showed that the most important factors affecting slope instabilities in the Tehran-Soleghan highway area are distance from fault and climate. 27.14% of the Soleghan highway area possesses medium to high potential for instabilities, within which 86.26% of the instabilities have occurred. Furthermore, 4.57% of the Soleghan highway area shows very high risk in terms of instability occurrence, encompassing 61% of the occurred instabilities. According to the prepared maps, the middle and southern parts and a small section in the north of the Tehran-Soleghan highway area have the highest potential for instability occurrence. The high value of the ROC index and its proximity to the end value of 1 indicates that instabilities strongly correlate with the probability values derived from the logistic regression model. Additionally, the assessment of the instability potential map by the SCAI index showed that there is a high correlation between the prepared risk maps and the occurred instabilities, which have been confirmed by field surveys. The obtained results are in a good agreement with the general opinion that SCAI decreases especially in high and very high risk classes and indicates a high correlation between the prepared risk maps and the occurred instabilities and field surveys in study areas.

Finally, it can be mentioned that the logistic regression model is suitable for preparing the zonation of the probability of instability occurrence along the edges of the studied highway. As a final conclusion, it can be concluded that in addition to natural factors, the- human-made factors and particularly unsystematic highway  construction can play an important role in the instability occurrences on the slopes overlooking the highway  and in order to reduce the relative risks and increase the stability of the slopes, it is necessary to avoid manipulating the ecosystem and changing the current land use as much as possible, in addition to policy making for constructions in accordance with geomorphological and geological features of the area.

 Reference evaporation and transpiration is one of the important elements of the hydrological cycle, which plays an important role in agricultural studies, water resource management plans, irrigation and drainage network design and water structures (Nuri et al., 2013, Volume twenty, number five, page 12). Due to the small amount of precipitation and the limitation of water resources in Iran, the correct management of water resources is very important and it is necessary to be careful in using water.
Data and

In order to carry out this research, daily climatic data during the years 2014 to 2015 of East Azerbaijan (four stations of Maragheh, Midane, Jolfa and Ahar) were prepared from the regional meteorological organization. After normalization and determination of correlation, the data were used in MATLAB software with artificial neural network method with Lunberg-Marquardt training to 70-30 combination for training and simulation. The input data for the simulation of evaporation and transpiration (temperature, sunshine hours, humidity, wind speed) and the work evaluation criteria are RMSE, R2 and MAE, which we gave priority to the data with less error.

In this research, the method based on artificial intelligence (ANN) and three experimental models (Penman Monteith Fau (PMF56), Blaney Kridel (B-C) and Kimberly Penman (K-P) were used to model the non-linear transpiration evaporation system of the reference plant. The results showed that the artificial intelligence method has better accuracy and speed in estimating ET0 compared to experimental

The results showed that the artificial intelligence method has better accuracy and speed. Also, comparing the method of artificial neural networks with classical methods, the results indicate the appropriateness of the performance of artificial neural networks.

In today's world, citizenship is one of the concepts that is related to the social and cultural environment on the one hand and as a dominant phenomenon of globalization on human coexistence and cultural, political, economic and social interactions on the other hand. Due to the uncontrolled growth of the physical space of Tabriz metropolis and also due to experiencing a series of environmental crises (drying of Lake Urmia in the west of this city and decreasing groundwater level), Coming of industrial estates in four geographical directions and polluting due to industries such as; Power plants, refineries, machinery, tractors, etc., the destruction of gardens around this metropolis and the transformation of gardens and surrounding farms into dry and lifeless apartments from achieving sustainable urban development and transformation It is a long way from a green society. Finally, regarding the importance and necessity of "identifying the key factors (drivers) of environmental citizenship", he also pointed out that culture-building for the environment should be considered not only as an economic factor, but also as a cultural perspective. Pay attention. In fact, the main issue of the present study is: What are the key factors (drivers) that determine environmental citizenship? Table (1): Problem Solving at a Glance (Research Strategy) The main research question: What are the key factors (drivers) that determine environmental citizenship? The main purpose of this research is to identify the key factors (drivers) of environmental citizenship Research questions

Research method Tools used in research What are the key drivers of environmental citizenship? Identify the drivers and influential trends of environmental citizenship Futurology Review previous research In-depth interviews library resources questionnaire Mick Mac software What are the influential dimensions of environmental citizenship ؟Identify the effective dimensions of environmental citizenship in order of importance Table Source: Researchers' Findings 2019. The philosophy of the environmental citizen is based on these principles: People are part of the environment. The future depends on a healthy environment. Seriousness in environmental behavior is necessary. A healthy environment is what people want, and informed voters will be healthier and more successful in creating an environment (Basby, 2007). According to Dobson, in a sustainable perspective, an environmental citizen has a responsibility to work in the community to achieve sustainable development; And that includes all the activities that each person normally has as a citizen who is dependent on a healthy environment (which includes recycling, reconstruction, renewal and service to the environment). انجام is responsible for doing them (Dobson, 2007). An environmental citizen is a citizen who seeks to strike a balance between his or her responsibilities to the environment and existing laws. The term environmental citizen was developed by Hungerford and Volk (1990). They consider the environmental citizen to be: 1) is aware of and sensitive to the environment and its problems;2) has a clear understanding of the environment and its problems; 3) has a sense of concern for the environment and has sufficient motivation to actively participate in improving and protecting the environment;4) Has the necessary skills to identify and solve environmental problems5) In order to solve environmental problems, has active participation at all levels (Barakpour and Jahansir, 2016: 56).Summarizing and criticizing the studies, it is stated that; Despite the importance and role of environmental citizenship in sustainable development, cultural factors related to it and despite acknowledging the relationship between variables such as: environmental lifestyle, environmental awareness or literacy, environmental attitude, environmental behavior, Responsible and sustainable consumption, environmental concern and environmental ethics, consumerism, cultural investments (Azadkhani et al., 2018; Lotfian and Nasri Fakhrdavood, 2018; Mohammadi ‌Dehcheshmeh and Azadbakht, 2018; Moradi, 2017; Hajizadeh Meymandi and Falakuddin, 2017; Rastegar Khalid et al., 2017; Rezaei et al., 2017; Kabiri and Karimzadeh Rezaieh, 2017, Hemmati et al., 2017; Mashhadi, 2016; Fathi et al., 2015; Hemmati and Sheberi, 2015; Holden, 2015; Reynolds et al., 2015; Betagol and Merritt, 2013; Lavin and Stroop, 2012) With environmental citizenship, it can be concluded that in our country, Iran in Less research has been done on the key factors (drivers) that underlie and affect environmental citizenship among citizens, especially citizens of large cities. Each of these researches related to variables has only one or two variables.

  The method of this research is futurology. First, the Delphi method is used. In this study; To analyze the key factors (drivers) of environmental citizenship, 20 citizens of Tabriz were selected using the Delphi technique. Then, the effect result was entered into Mikmak software after taking the mean of all interactions and was analyzed.

 Findings showed that the initial identified factors (drivers) of environmental citizenship of Tabriz citizens according to the degree of impact are: environmental awareness or literacy, environmental attitude, environmental behavior, environmental concern Environment and the two variables of responsible environmental consumption and environmental ethics are two-dimensional factors. These variables are located in the diagram around the diagonal line of the northeastern part of the diagram and have a very high capacity to become key players in the system.

Environmental attitude, environmental behavior, environmental concern, environmental awareness or literacy, responsible environmental consumption and environmental ethics are identified from the highest influencing factor to the lowest influential factor from the perspective of experts and specialists, respectively. Taken. Now, considering the weight of the factors and the priority of their impact on environmental citizenship, the following suggestion can be made in this regard:Cultural policymakers, managers, and planners should develop environmental citizenship education content and policies and policies related to environmental citizenship education programs in order to enhance environmental awareness or literacy.

Public art has followed a new trend in urban spaces in recent years, so that cities invest highly in the design and implementing of public works of art and improving the visual quality of urban spaces, since it is effective in creating good urban spaces and making the city attractive and memorable. It also encourages people to communicate with works of art and each other. Although public art as an art integrated with the public space of cities is not a new concept, many changes have been created in public art and it caused the creation of various types of public art in most cases from a purely static art to a dynamic and interactive art. This article aims to investigate the effect of public art in urban spaces on promoting the perceived vitality of young people. Despite the importance and role of public art in the quality of urban public spaces, studies conducted in the area of public art have not paid much attention to the effect of different types of public arts in public spaces on vitality of people, especially young people. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim of answering the question of “which type of public art has a greater impact on promoting the perceived vitality of young people in urban spaces?”

The present study is a qualitative-quantitative (mixed) study conducted as a survey. In the present study, visual approach and image reading were used to collect information.  Visual research is a term that includes methods based on data collection and analysis of them through designing, painting, photography, film, or video images.  In this article, public arts and interactive arts were divided into different types based on theoretical foundations and research literature and  an image was selected from each type of art and through an online questionnaire was submitted to the participants and they were asked to express their level of vitality from watching that work of art in urban spaces on a 5-point Likert scales. This questionnaire was designed and sent to the target population through cyberspace applications.  Since the target population of the present article was young people, the sample was selected among the students of Tabriz University and the students of Nabi Akram Institute of Higher Education in Tabriz in the second semester of 2020-2021. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula with an error level of 5% was used. According to the number of students in these two universities (27000 people), the sample size of 379 was selected. After sending the questionnaire to nearly 380 people, 144 people completed the questionnaire. In this research, both art and architecture students and non-art and architecture students in both bachelor and master levels were surveyed.

The research results revealed that among different types of public arts in urban spaces, sound and digital arts such as musical fountain, and the integrated art embedded in the elements available in space such as wall relief in the body of the building and the art appropriate to the site, such as plants formed in parks, regardless of the three criteria of gender, age, education and field of study, are accepted by all young people and increase vitality, but abstract static art is less welcomed by young people. Among the interactive arts, dynamic-passive interactive art and static interactive art obtained the highest score in terms of creating a sense of vitality among young people, and in contrast, dynamic-dynamic interactive art obtained the lowest score. Art related to public and local culture caused the highest vitality among male young people and young non-art and architecture master students, and digital art caused the highest vitality among females and bachelor art and architecture students. In addition, among non-art and architecture bachelor students, two-dimensional applied art obtained a relatively high score.

 The results show that creating static works of art is not effective in designing cities and using public art to create a sense of vitality in urban space and young people show higher tendency to dynamic work of arts. Also, interactive works of art are more acceptable than non-interactive types, and urban planners should pay attention to this issue in embedding works of art in urban spaces and take right decisions and actions to increase presence, interaction, and vitality among young people in urban spaces. Also, the use of modern technologies and creativity in the artistic design of cities is one of the requirements for adapting the urban space to spirits of young people.

In Iran, a comprehensive urban plan has been prepared and implemented for almost 5 decades. The most prominent plan that has completely dominated the country's urban planning system from the early 1960s to the late 1990s and until now (2019) relatively absolutely. Gradually, with the revelation of many weaknesses of this plan, which in combination with the structural weaknesses of the country's urban planning system became more obvious and prominent, the grounds for changes in the system of urban development plans emerged and based on a review of urban development plan services, and its concepts were revised. The inability of traditional management and thus traditional urban development plans to meet the needs of cities had revealed that urban management needed new patterns. Specifically, with the proposal of preparing structural-Strategic urban plans instead of comprehensive urban plans and preparing detailed basic, local and thematic plans instead of traditional detailed plans in the middle of the 1990s, a serious step was taken to change the old trend and prepare and implement so-called new plans. Specifically, after the evaluation of the Ministry of Urban Development of comprehensive urban plans in 1999, it was suggested that Structural-Strategic plans be prepared as a pattern for some metropolises, and based on this proposal, two research plans were defined to investigate the issue: one called process revision, and the content of urban plans and others called global experiences in structural and strategic planning.

The present article is a kind of basic-applied and developmental research and has considered descriptive and comparative-analytical methods to achieve its goals. Specifically, the research in the form of an analytical and descriptive approach, first begins with the study of urban development plans in Iran and the world, and with a detailed documentary study, the foundations of the idea are formed. Then, by analytical study of the plan (content analysis) and in a comparative study with urban development plans of developed countries, indicators and data as well as the main principles and objectives of the extracted plan are compared.

Structural-Strategic plans of Iran, as its title shows, have a two-part structure (structural and strategic), but according to the authors, they have three parts: strategic part, structural part and comprehensive part. Identifying some of the essential weaknesses of this hybrid plan, roughly indicates that the plan is not able to fully and optimally achieve its goals. In addition, the managerial dilemma has dominated the plan from the beginning. The Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture has not reached a complete conclusion and has not fully accepted the Structural-Strategic plan or the name given among the experts, that is, the Comprehensive Strategic Structural plan. Some parts are not approved and some are not approved, and in this situation, consulting engineers and municipalities are naturally confused, and to avoid this situation, the general tendency of the urban planning system to devise and prepare the previous pattern, i.e. Comprehensive, is diverted. Examination of some internal samples clearly showed that this combination has led to a kind of substantial rupture and avoidance of feasibility. It can be said with negligence that only the structural part has been prepared in a way that has more excitability. The existing studies section has many similarities with this section in the comprehensive pattern and unfortunately has the same problems. The strategic part of the plan is not well developed and in accordance with the principles of Western strategic plans (the purpose is not to hide localization, but the issue of not paying attention to the basic principles), and it is enough to plan general slogans at all levels. The structural part also plays a significant role in marginalizing it with a complete break from the strategic part. Of course, the original planners of this hybrid plan do not claim that this hybrid plan. But it is not clear on what argument this should be accepted!

The Structural-Strategic plan emerged from the mid-1990s in response to the many weaknesses of the Comprehensive plan in the Iran's urban planning system. However, the studies of the present article reveal the construction of an incomplete combination of different plans with a clear and hidden focus on the Comprehensive plan and is not able to lead cities to the necessary utility. However, even in this situation, tips and suggestions can be made to correct things. Although it will not be the final solution. Suggestions such as simultaneous preparation of theoretical and operational parts of the structural-strategic plan to avoid inconsistencies and problems due to the time interval between the preparation of the two plans -the gap between the preparation of the structural-strategic and detailed (local) plan-. To achieve this goal, general and detailed studies of the plan can be done in parallel; A general overview of the so-called structural-strategic plan, by measures such as increasing the relationship between the strategic and structural sectors in the Structural-Strategic plan and if Inability to do so, removing the strategic part from the structural part or vice versa and focusing on only one part; Return of this Plan to the basic principles of the structural plan (the structural part of the plan in Iran is not faithful to the original pattern); More detailed presentation of thematic and local plans with further investigation, Establish laws to delegate more authority to local authorities to prepare and approve urban development plans, and beyond these proposals, propose a plan to replace the structural-strategic plan until the country is ready to prepare and implement the optimal strategic pattern, can well fill the gap between the current situation and the desired situation. Based on this, a proposed plan with the title of comprehensive strategic plan or comprehensive-strategic plan was compiled by Hamid Hodjati (one of the authors of this article), which is specifically based on his studies on various urban development plans in Iran, studies on global examples of strategic pattern and his opinions and views from this studies.

Flood is one of the natural hazards affecting rural areas around the world. International statistics confirm the fact that, during the last two or three decades, natural hazards like flood has occurred many times compared to the past; it has also caused various harmful effects on rural regions. Due to having a close relationship with natural environment and a limited capacity to confront environmental threats, the rural societies and the related production activities have been exposed to natural destructive forces more than other societies. Since the East Azerbaijan Province is a submergible province in Iran and regarding the several-year experience obtained from the loss of life and property caused by floods, it seems necessary to change the attitudes from “exclusive focus on vulnerability reduction” to “increased resilience” against natural phenomena such as the occurrence of floods. Moreover, because Tabriz city and the surrounded villages have been exposed to the danger of floods from the past, the objective of the present study was to explore and clarify the rate of resilience of rural areas in the southeastern suburbs of Tabriz metropolis against floods.

The present survey was an applied descriptive-analytic research. Data collection was done using library and field studies and relying on a questionnaire distributed among families and Rurals heads. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by using the opinions of the experts in rural and natural disasters, indicators, and components through the collective wisdom of Delphi method; its reliability value was also calculated by Cronbach’s alpha as 0.86. The population included the settlements of 5 villages in the east and southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city. Out of 8554 households in the population, 370 households were selected as the sample of the study according to the Cochran formula. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine variable normality. Regarding the normality of the research variables, the one sample t-test, regression, and one-way ANOVA were used to explore the rate of resilience dimensions (economic, physical, institutional, social, and ecological) in the intended villages. Furthermore, path analysis was used to explore the impact of the five dimensions of resilience (independent variable) on the resilience rate of rural settlements (dependent variable).

The results of the one sample t-test indicated that among the indicators (social, economic, institutional, physical, and ecological), the social (average=3.50), economic (average=3.33), physical (average=3.10), institutional (average=2.54), and ecological (average=1.98) indicators have the highest impact on rural houses, respectively. The results of ANOVA showed that regarding resilience rate against floods, there is a statistically significant different among the villages. The resilience rate against floods is higher in Leili Khan Rural (average=1.548); it is lower in Chavan village (average=1.373). Besides, the average resilience of the villages against floods is 14.7, which is lower compared to the theoretical average (15); the significance level was less than 0.000. Thus, the resilience status is lower than average in the studied villages which is not desirable. Exploring the impact of each resilience indicator on the durability of rural settlements by path analysis revealed that economic status (β coefficient=0.405) and ecological indicator (β coefficient=0.181) are of the highest and lowest share in the durability of rural settlements in southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city against floods.

The results of the analyses show that among resilience dimensions, the social dimension is of the best status and the ecological dimension is of an unfavorable status. Altogether, among the five dimensions (economic, physical, institutional, social, and ecological), the most important factors affecting the resilience of the villages in southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city were identified. The most important items (factors) in the economic, social, institutional, physical, and ecological dimensions were respectively “dependence on a job”, “villagers’ participation in helping flood victims”, “village heads’ planning and tact”, “age of buildings”, and “geographical properties (topographic status, elevation slope, slope, etc.)”. According to the results, the following recommendations are presented. Interaction should be established in order to increase the economic, social, institutional, physical and ecological dimension so as to increase the resilience of Tabriz County. Plans should be set based on the conditions and deficiencies of each village so that they can endure against accidents and hazards. The residents’ awareness of the impact of cultural influence and social relationships on the reduction of vulnerability should be boosted. Moreover, increasing coordination and obliging the crisis management organizations, improving the institutional and organizational contexts, and creating a mutual relationship between local organizations and rural people to increase satisfaction and institutional resilience, especially in the studied villages, are of great importance.

  Land uses are divided into two "compatible" and "incompatible" types in terms of function and spatial effects. This division is done because each user has the most positive and synergistic relationship with other uses in urban development. Therefore, one of the objectives of land use planning is to locate appropriately and isolate compatible and incompatible land uses from each other (Jankowski, 1995). Incompatible uses in residential textures often include a variety of factories, barracks, slaughterhouses, and prisons (Afradi, 2013). Prisons in Iran are considered one of the administrative and police uses with a transurban scale and have incompatible uses (Supreme Council of Urbanism and Architecture of Iran, 2010). The creation or development of this land use is prohibited within the inner limits of cities (Ziari, 2002: 177).    The Evin Prison, located in the Evin neighborhood in Tehran's District 1, has many positive and negative effects on its adjacent spaces. This study aimed to identify the effect of incompatible use of the Evin prison on spatial development (physical, social, and economic) of the Evin neighborhood. The main question of this article is what effect has the incompatible use of the prison on the spatial development of the Evin neighborhood?

The Evin Neighborhood Development Plan information was collected from the comprehensive and detailed plan, the strategic document for the development of the neighborhood, and the municipality of District 1. Other data and information were collected by the questioning method. The statistical population of this study was 1158 families living in the Evin neighborhood, and the sample size was 288 families, which was calculated using Cochrane's formula. Six real estates with a history located in the Evin neighborhood were also interviewed purposefully about the impact of the prison on the price of lands and properties in this neighborhood. T-test and the correlation coefficient were used to process the data. The criteria and variables of this research are: A. Physical development (area, ratio, and per capita land use, occupancy level, density percentage, and the number of building floors). B. Social development (percentage of feeling safe and percentage of citizen participation in neighborhood affairs). C. Economic development (the amount of housing prices, the amount of housing rent, and the amount of private-public investment).

The role of the prison in physical development: By reducing the density and height of the building through urban development plans, the prison has imposed and institutionalized restrictions on the physical development of the Evin neighborhood (officially formal). This restriction was more in the adjacent and immediate contexts of the prison. According to the terms and conditions of the detailed plan (2012) and the map of the land use zones of the Evin neighborhood, the neighborhood is located in the residence (R), activity (S), Protection (G), and mixed (M) zones. The number of authorized building floors in the residential area is at least two and maximum of four stories with an occupancy level of 30-60%.The role of the prison in social development: 43.8% of 126 families in the first zone, 30.9% of 89 households in the second zone, and 25.3% of 73 households in the Evin neighborhood felt safe in this study. Accordingly, the law enforcement-security function of the prison has increased the sense of public safety in the Evin neighborhood, especially in its immediate area. On the other hand, urban development plans limit the density of buildings and reduce the transactional value of land and housing in the first zone of the Evin neighborhood, which negatively impact the motivation and demand for living and activity in this neighborhood and play a role in the migration of residents out of it. In addition to changing the proportion of indigenous and immigrant residents in the neighborhood, this trend has also reduced their participation in the Public Affairs Department (cooperation with the council).The role of the prison in economic development: Urban development plans play a role in reducing the transactional value of land and housing, especially in its immediate zone, by limiting land use and building density to ensure prison security. This trend has reduced the participation and investment of citizens and private investors in the neighborhood.

 Through comprehensive and detailed plans, the prison influenced physical development (area, ratio, and per capita usage and density, the number of floors, and the level of building occupancy) and informally affected social development (sense of public safety and citizen participation in neighborhood affairs) and economic development (price and rent of land and housing and public investment of citizens and private sector) in the Evin neighborhood. To secure the prison, the density and number of floors and the height of the building in the Evin neighborhood in the vicinity of the prison are lower than the medium and farther zones. These restrictions play a role in reducing the trading value of the neighborhood's land and housing. These physical constraints and the consequences of the land and housing economy have had a negative impact on reducing motivation and demand for housing and activity as well as willingness to participate and invest by citizens and the private sector in the Evin neighborhood.

In the present research, the traditional water system and the way of obtaining and exploiting water resources in the past have been studied. To verify the existence of this traditional system in this city, archival documents, which had a significant impact on our understanding of urban development and the water supply network, were referred to. It is the commencement of our understanding of how to use traditional canals and waterways, the signs of which can be recognized in the ancient context. Consequently, the key question was raised as follows: what effects did the water supply network and the traditional water system have on the formation of the spatial organization? In response to this question, this hypothesis was shaped that it seems that the water supply and water distribution network in the city of Sonqor affected the formation and cohesion of neighborhoods from the middle Islamic period onwards.

The current research is applied research regarding the purpose of the research method, the data collection method is a case study, and the non-contact method of electromagnetism method has been subjected to a field survey. This method was used to determine the movement of water underground and to locate and prove the existence of springs and alluviums. The determined points of springs and canals as the studied community have been evaluated in a descriptive and non-experimental format. Collecting information from library and field methods and in a non-experimental descriptive format based on documents and ancient evidence, springs, aqueducts and reservoirs were located and identified on the maps using the analytical-descriptive method.

According to soundings done on the identification points of the springs outside the city, which were checked within a radius of 2 km from the city, the slope of the water flow of the springs and canals along the canal, waterways and streams based on the roughness and height position in the depth of the ground or the ground surface was calculated and measured based on the height of a place above the sea level. The result was that on the eastern side of Danesh Sara and Shah Murad Kariz; on the north side of the Chaman Pashm kariz; and on the western side with Malik kariz and Dara Maleh valleys, the depth of the water flow in the ground is between 3 and 7 meters. Underground water flows from the north of the city to the south of the city, with the slope of the land between 1.5% and 2% of natural alluvium and the water of springs and canals to the lower parts of the city. On the east side of the city, water flows downstream from the Daneshsara aqueduct with a slope of 2%, in the center of the city with a slope of 1.68%, and on the west side of the city with a slope of 1.5%. This procedure can be proven in the vicinity of the northern aqueducts compared to the southern aqueducts and in comparison to the height above sea level. Out of the total number of springs and aqueducts in Sonqor city, 17 points were identified and investigated, out of which 6 points had ancient remnants, and the rest of the studied community were located in the urban context.

From the geology and natural geography point of view and according to the field and non-contact EM investigations, the collected information designates that the city of Sonqor was built on alluvial layers. These alluvial layers have changed the earth's surface water path over millions of years. This change has caused the alluviums in the northeast to be higher than the alluviums downstream in the south and southwest. Water appears at fewer than 5 meters on the alluvial layers and is easily accessibleto the early inhabitants. Man can build his residence near natural springs by relying on communication and interaction with nature.Consequently, in response to the research question, it can be said that when the city of Sonqor was formed, the most important component that was taken into account was the natural springs that appeared on the alluvial layers in the city of Sonqor. Water harvesting from this spring was done easily. The spatial organization and architecture of Sonqor city are also formed according to the concentration and locational focus of the springs.

Public art has followed a new trend in urban spaces in recent years, so that cities invest highly in the design and implementing of public works of art and improving the visual quality of urban spaces, since it is effective in creating good urban spaces and making the city attractive and memorable. It also encourages people to communicate with works of art and each other. Although public art as an art integrated with the public space of cities is not a new concept, many changes have been created in public art and it caused the creation of various types of public art in most cases from a purely static art to a dynamic and interactive art. This article aims to investigate the effect of public art in urban spaces on promoting the perceived vitality of young people. Despite the importance and role of public art in the quality of urban public spaces, studies conducted in the area of public art have not paid much attention to the effect of different types of public arts in public spaces on vitality of people, especially young people. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim of answering the question of “which type of public art has a greater impact on promoting the perceived vitality of young people in urban spaces?”

The present study is a qualitative-quantitative (mixed) study conducted as a survey. In the present study, visual approach and image reading were used to collect information.  Visual research is a term that includes methods based on data collection and analysis of them through designing, painting, photography, film, or video images.  In this article, public arts and interactive arts were divided into different types based on theoretical foundations and research literature and  an image was selected from each type of art and through an online questionnaire was submitted to the participants and they were asked to express their level of vitality from watching that work of art in urban spaces on a 5-point Likert scales. This questionnaire was designed and sent to the target population through cyberspace applications.  Since the target population of the present article was young people, the sample was selected among the students of Tabriz University and the students of Nabi Akram Institute of Higher Education in Tabriz in the second semester of 2020-2021. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula with an error level of 5% was used. According to the number of students in these two universities (27000 people), the sample size of 379 was selected. After sending the questionnaire to nearly 380 people, 144 people completed the questionnaire. In this research, both art and architecture students and non-art and architecture students in both bachelor and master levels were surveyed.

The research results revealed that among different types of public arts in urban spaces, sound and digital arts such as musical fountain, and the integrated art embedded in the elements available in space such as wall relief in the body of the building and the art appropriate to the site, such as plants formed in parks, regardless of the three criteria of gender, age, education and field of study, are accepted by all young people and increase vitality, but abstract static art is less welcomed by young people. Among the interactive arts, dynamic-passive interactive art and static interactive art obtained the highest score in terms of creating a sense of vitality among young people, and in contrast, dynamic-dynamic interactive art obtained the lowest score. Art related to public and local culture caused the highest vitality among male young people and young non-art and architecture master students, and digital art caused the highest vitality among females and bachelor art and architecture students. In addition, among non-art and architecture bachelor students, two-dimensional applied art obtained a relatively high score.

 The results show that creating static works of art is not effective in designing cities and using public art to create a sense of vitality in urban space and young people show higher tendency to dynamic work of arts. Also, interactive works of art are more acceptable than non-interactive types, and urban planners should pay attention to this issue in embedding works of art in urban spaces and take right decisions and actions to increase presence, interaction, and vitality among young people in urban spaces. Also, the use of modern technologies and creativity in the artistic design of cities is one of the requirements for adapting the urban space to spirits of young people.

Investigating the effect of drought on water resources of countries plain is high important at optimal management of water resources in the agriculture and natural resources part. The phenomenon of climate change, affects the amount of water existence in aquifer by changing amount of precipitation. The occurrence of consecutive climate droughts affects ground water resources. Knowing and awareness of the effect of time between two phenomenon of drought and hydrological drought, can help managers and planners of the water sector. Over the years, the effect of drought on ground water resources less attention has been paid. In order to understand the state of groundwater resources and optimum management, it is necessary to carry out a thorough study of groundwater fluctuations. In this research, Marand plain is the purpose of this study. Marand Plain is poor in rainfall and has a rainfall of 450 mm / year and at least 150 mm / year which varies in the plains and mountainous regions. In this research, we have tried to investigate the effect of atmospheric drops, including rainfall, on ground water level in the Marand watershed.

The Marand plain with 45 °, 15 to 50 minutes east longitude and 37 ° 7 'to 38 ° 56' north latitude and with an area of 42.517 square kilometer is one of the vast plains in the northwest of East Azarbaijan province. Which is selected as the study area. In this study, in order to study the trend of ground water level changes in the Marand Plain, the static surface data of 23 piezometric wells was used during the 2000 to 2016. First, a common statistical period was chosen to analyze the data series (2000 to 2016). Then in order to reconstruct the statistical defects, the correlation between stations and piezometric wells and linear regression method was used. The IDW method was used to calculate the average rainfall of the plain. Finally, the standard water level index (SWI) and the SPI index for the studied basin were calculated and analyzed. 

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of climate drought on the fell of groundwater level in the Marand plain using SPI and SWI indices. Meteorological drought conditions in the Marand plain were calculated using the SPI index on a 12-month time scale. The results and drought accuracy of the rain gauge stations in the studied basin showed that during the study period, the first period of drought since 2005 started gradually with decreasing atmospheric precipitation and continued until 2007 and after a period of humidity short-term, again, a short period of drought from 2008 to 2009 has been on the ruling area. The SWI index was used to survey the status of groundwater level. This indicator also showed that in terms of time and place, the drought based on this index corresponded to the drought caused by the SPI index.

Using the SPI index, the drought trend was studied in the region. The results showed that during the study period (2000-2016) three drought periods from winter 2005 to beginning of 2009, summer of 2011 to the end of 2012 and winter of 2015 to summer of 2016 occurred. Drought affected areas included the east and center of the study area and the west of the region witnessed more atmospheric precipitation. The SWI index was used to survey the status of groundwater level. The index showed that in terms of time and place, the drought based on this index corresponded to the drought caused by the SPI index. Data analysis showed that these two indices with a time interval of one season had a correlation of 1%. This means that the hydrological drought after a season has a direct impact on the surface of the water. In general, we can conclude from the results of this study that the trend of ground water surface changes has been consistent with the drought and weathering changes in the region. Therefore, the fall of the ground water level of Marand plain can be largely influenced by weathered droughts.